ash-Shaukani

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Muhammad ibn ʿAlī ash-Shaukānī ( Arabic محمد بن علي الشوكاني, DMG Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī aš-Šaukānī ; born 12 July 1760 in Hidschrat Schaukān, d. 1834 in Sanaa ) was an Islamic scholar of Yemen , the 1795-1834 chief Qadi in the Zaidi Imamate was the Qāsimiden and because of his advocacy of ijtihad and rejection of taqlid considered the forerunners of Islamic modernism becomes. Rashīd Ridā regarded him as the innovator of the 12th Islamic century .

Life

Ash-Shaukānī was born in Hidschrat Shaukān, a day's trip southeast of Sanaa. His family belonged to the prior Qudāt and followed the Hādawīya , one of the Imam Hādī Ila l-Haqq Yahya ibn Husain (d. 911) within the Zaidi Shia founded school of law . Shaukānī, who initially learned from his father, also followed this school of law at the beginning, but then attended the lessons of a scholar in Sanaa who did not feel bound by any school of law and was considered a mujtahid , ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Kaukabānī (d. 1792). Under his influence, Ash-Shaukānī broke ties with the Hādawīya.

Around 1780 asch-Shaukānī began to issue legal opinions himself , whereby those who turned to him were mainly Shafiites from the Tihama . Around 1790 he came to the opinion that following a school of law was generally to be rejected, and from then on he referred to himself as an "unbound mudschtahid" ( muǧtahid muṭlaq ). Ash-Shaukānī also worked as a teacher. As he himself writes in his autobiography, he gave daily classes in 13 different disciplines, including tafsīr , usūl al-fiqh , rhetoric ( maʿānī wa-bayān ), Arabic grammar ( naḥw ) and fiqh .

In 1795, al-Mansūr bi-Llāh, the Qāsimid imam of Yemen, appointed him to the country's supreme kadi. In this capacity he was responsible for the appointment and supervision of the entire kadis in the imam's territory. He also acted as the Imam's secretary and corresponded on his behalf with the leaders of the first Saudi state between 1807 and 1813 .

Works

A total of 250 works are ascribed to Ash-Shaukānī. The following are particularly well known:

  • ad-Durr al-naḍīd fi iḫlāṣ kalimat at-tauḥīd : "The evenly shaped pearls on the unreserved belief in the word of the oneness of God", a treatise on Tawheed and Shirk . The print edition published by Dār Ibn-Huzaima in 1414h (= 1994 AD) is available here as a digitized version .
  • al-Badr aṭ-ṭāliʿ bi-maḥāsin man baʿd al-qarn as-sābiʿ , collection of biographies of rulers and scholars after the 7th Islamic century (= 13th century C.E. ). The standard edition (Cairo: Maṭbaʿat as-Saʿāda 1929) comprises two volumes and contains an autobiography in the second volume (pp. 214–225) .
  • al-Durar al-bahīya fī l-masāʾil al-fiqhīya , Treatise on Various Legal Issues. It was translated into Urdu in 1881 by Siddīq Hasan Chān under the title al-Fathḥ al-muġīṯ bi-fiqh al-ḥadīṯ .
  • Fatḥ al-qadīr , Quran commentary completed in 1814 , which in modern editions comprises five volumes.
  • Iršād al-fuḥūl ilā taḥqīq al-ḥaqq min ʿilm al-uṣūl , Treatise on the Usūl al-fiqh .
  • Nail al-Autar min Asrār Muntaqa al-Ahbar , 1795 worded comment to that of Ibn Taymiyyah compiled Hadith -Sammlung al-Muntaqa min Ahbar al-Mustafa in eight volumes.
  • al-Qaul al-mufīd fī adillat al-iǧtihād wa-t-taqlīd , Treatise on Idschtihād and Taqlīd ", in which he argues that it is not necessary to follow the views of one of the Islamic schools of law . Digitized from Cairo 1347h edition

literature

  • Carl Brockelmann: "History of Arabic Literature". Supplementary volume II. Leiden: Brill 1943. pp. 818f.
  • Barbara Eisenbürger: Muḥammad b. ʿAlī aš-Šawkānī (d. 1250/1834) - the great Yemeni reformer: his legal, ideological and educational ideas. Bonn: EB-Verlag 2011.
  • Bernard Haykel: "Al-Shawkānī and the jurisprudential unity of Yemen" in Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée 67 (1993) 53-65.
  • Bernard Haykel: "Reforming Islam by dissolving the Madhhabs: Shawkānī and his Zaydī detractors in Yemen" in Bernard G. Weiss (ed.): Studies in Islamic Legal Theory . Leiden: Brill 2002.
  • Bernard Haykel: Revival and Reform in Islam. The Legacy of Muhammad al-Shawkānī . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2003.
  • JJG Jansen: Art. " Al- Sh awkānī" in The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition Vol. IX, p. 378.
  • Rudolph Peters: "Idjtihād and taqlīd in 18th and 19th century Islam" in Die Welt des Islams 20 (1980) 131-145.
  • Johanna Pink : “Where Does Modernity Begin? Muḥammad al-Shawkānī and the Tradition of Tafsīr, ”in A. Görke and J. Pink: Tafsīr and Islamic Intellectual History: Exploring the Boundaries of a Genre . Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014. pp. 323-360.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See Haykel 2003, 18.
  2. ↑ See Haykel 2003, 19.
  3. ↑ See Peters 134.
  4. ↑ See Haykel 2003, 19.
  5. ↑ Ondrej Beranek and Pavel Tupek: The Question of Ziyara through the Eyes of Salafis. Waltham, Mass., Brandeis University, Crown Center for Middle East Studies, 2009 p. 21.
  6. ↑ See Claudia Preckel: "Screening Ṣiddī Ḥasan Khān's Library. The Use of Ḥanbalī Literature in 19th century Bhopal" in Birgit Krawietz, Georges Tamer (eds.): Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya . Walter De Gruyter, Berlin, 2013. pp. 162-219. Here p. 202.
personal data
SURNAME ash-Shaukani
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī as-Šaukānī
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Islamic scholar
DATE OF BIRTH July 12, 1760
PLACE OF BIRTH Hidschrat Shaukān
DATE OF DEATH 1834
Place of death Sanaa