Athirat

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Athirat is a Ugaritic sea ​​and sky goddess. In addition, Athirat ( Qataban ʿTRT "the shining one") was important as the sun goddess in the ancient South Arab religion of Qataban .

Nickname

According to the Ras Shamra texts discovered in 1929, it is red. aṭrt. ym , Athirat, mistress of the sea and is like Astarte in it . Albright suggested that this epithet should be interpreted in terms of a victory over the sea or the sea ​​dragons , but this is now doubted. Athirat was also nicknamed qnyt ilm ("producer of the gods" or "mistress of the gods"). Conversely, the gods became šbʾn bn. called aṭrt , the 70 sons of the Athirat.

family

In Ugarit, Athirat is considered the wife of the creator god El ( il ). She is also called ilt (Elat), simply "goddess". She bore him 70 gods and goddesses . Her children include Ba'al , Anath and Mot , Šaḥar , Šalim and Athtar . Her servant was Qadeš wa-Amrur, the fisherman of the mistress Athirat of the Sea.

Equations

In the Old Testament , Aštoreth is the goddess of Sidon (1 Kings xi, 5). The biblical Asherah is also traced back to Athirat. In the Ugaritic list of gods, the goddess Ašratum is equated with Athirat in ancient Babylonian texts.

literature

  • Susan Ackerman: Asherah, the West Semitic Goddess of Spinning and Weaving? . In: Journal of Near Eastern Studies , 2008, 67/1, pp. 1–30.
  • Karl-Heinz Bernhardt : Aschera in Ugarit and in the Old Testament . In: Communications of the Institute for Orient Research No. 13, 1967.
  • MJ Dahood: Ancient Semitic deities in Syria and Palestine . In: Sabatino Moscati (ed.), Le antiche divinité semitiche . Rome 1985, Centro di Studi Semitici, pp. 65-94.
  • John Day: Asherah in the Hebrew Bible and Northwest Semitic Literature . In: Journal of Biblical Literature , 1986, 105/3, pp. 385-408.
  • Judith M. Hadley: The Cult of the Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah: Evidence for a Hebrew Goddess . University of Cambridge Oriental Publications 57, 2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Arvid Schou Kapelrud , The Ras Shamra Discoveries and the Old Testament. Oxford, Blackwell, 1965.
  • James B. Pritchard : Palestinian Figurines in relation to certain goddesses known through literature . 1943, New Haven: American Oriental Society .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Maria Höfner , Südarabien in Dietz Otto Edzard, Götter und Mythen im Vorderen Orient ( Dictionary of Mythology ), p. 497 ( online ).
  2. ↑ CTA 4.III.27, 4.V.64, 6.1.47 etc.
  3. ^ WF Albright 1968, Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan. London: Athlone, 105-106
  4. ↑ John Day 1986. Asherah in the Hebrew Bible and Northwest Semitic Literature. Journal of Biblical Literature 105/3, 388
  5. ↑ Otto Eißfeldt : El in the Ugaritic pantheon. Reports on the negotiations of the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig, Philological-Historical Class, Volume 98, Issue 4. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1951, p. 13
  6. ↑ CTA 4.1.23, 4.III.26, 30, 32, 35 etc.
  7. ↑ CTA 4.VI.46
  8. ↑ CTA 3.V.45, 14.IV.198, 15.III.26 etc., after Day 1986
  9. ^ Raphael Patai 1965. The Goddess Asherah. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 24, 1/2, 38
  10. ↑ Ugaritica V.18 RS = 20:24, 19