Exclude (lead type)

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Excluding , not to be confused with the term imposition , is originally a work step in metal type in which the text of a line is brought to the precise line width with the help of exclusion material of different widths . Later technologies like photo typesetting and desktop publishing no longer require physical material for typesetting and exclusion.

When setting fonts, the text rarely fills the specified line width completely and exactly. In order to achieve a uniform width, the word spacing is extended with the exclusion in justified (also called expulsion ). You can also reduce the spacing between words so that more text fits into the line. This is called bringing in. By changing the spacing within the line as evenly as possible, a good layout without gaps is achieved. In the case of left fret, right fret and centering, the still open line space is completely filled. Expanding the space between letters in a word is called locking .

The exclusion by increasing the word spacing leads to the most appealing results, while reducing the word spacing as well as locking the letters makes legibility more difficult and disturbs the aesthetics of the sentence. If long words are separated and the line consists of a sufficient number of words, the word spacing only needs to be increased slightly and the overall impression is very harmonious.

As exclusion is reactive material such as space bands , ridges and Regle tablets called. With manual typesetting, the typesetter himself has to insert the exclusion by hand according to a set of rules. So z. B. following or preceding punctuation marks, the shape of the letters or the length of the words. In mechanical lead typesetting there are special exclusion wedges, such as the Linotype typesetting machine . In phototypesetting , the machine calculates the exclusion before the film is exposed.

The exclusion not only had an aesthetic meaning, but was also technically decisive, since in letterpress printing machines a very high acceleration force acts on the form, which consists of thousands of small pieces of lead, letters and spaces . This had to be clamped positively in the chase . If this did not succeed, letters or exclusions could come loose due to vibrations and get into the mechanics of the printing press - which often led to major damage.

See also

literature

  • Helmut Hiller, Stephan Füssel: Dictionary of the book . 7th edition. Vittorio Klostermann, Frankfurt 2006. ISBN 3-465-03495-3 .
  • Severin Corsten, Günther Pflug, u. a. (Ed.): Lexicon of the entire book industry . 2nd Edition. Volume I. Anton Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-7772-8527-7 .
  • Friedrich Bauer: The starting point for apprentice typesetter. 7th edition. Frankfurt am Main, 1927, p. 48 ff.