Banana Wars

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The USA and Central America, historical map from 1905
Political cartoon from 1904 to gunboat diplomacy : US President Theodore Roosevelt wearing a big stick ( " Big Stick ") and draws a convoy of warships through the Caribbean Sea
Marines go ashore under fire at Santo Domingo

Banana wars ( English banana wars ) is the colloquial collective term for the military actions carried out by the USA at the beginning of the 20th century in Mexico , Central and South America , which were in the context of an expanded gunboat policy . These military interventions were made by the US Navy and the United States Marine Corps ; Occasionally, US Army troops were also called in .

The banana wars ended in 1934 with the policy of good neighborliness under President Franklin D. Roosevelt .

designation

The term banana war allegedly stems from the close relationship between the interventions and the US's existential interest in safeguarding its trade interests in the region. The United Fruit Company had a particular share of financial investments in the cultivation of bananas , tobacco , sugar cane and numerous other agricultural products in the Caribbean , Central America and northern South America.

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Advocates of imperialism prior to World War I often justified military action by arguing that these conflicts would help the Central and South Americans to stabilize. Some imperialists even criticized the dimensions of the interventions as inadequate in terms of US interests and pleaded for expanded troop deployments in the region.

American critics of imperialism saw these actions as a first step towards an adventurous American colonialism in the region.

Affected countries

The countries affected by the banana wars included:

Examples

Hanging of Moro -Rebellen 1911 on the island of Jolo

Movies

literature

  • Philip Jowett / Stephen Walsh: Latin American Wars 1900-1941: "Banana Wars," Border Wars & Revolutions , Osprey Publishing 2018. ISBN 1472826280 . ISBN 978-1472826282
  • Alan McPherson: The invaded. How Latin Americans and their allies fought and ended US occupations , Oxford u. a. (Oxford University Press) 2014. ISBN 978-0-19-534303-8
  • Alan McPherson: A short history of US interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean , Chichester, West Sussex, UK / Malden, MA (Wiley-Blackwell) 2016. ISBN 978-1-118-95399-0 . ISBN 978-1-118-95400-3
  • Leo J. Daugherty III: Counterinsurgency and the United States Marine Corps. The first counterinsurgency era 1899-1945 , Jefferson, NC 2015. ISBN 978-0-7864-9698-3
  • Ivan Musicant: The banana wars. A history of United States military intervention in Latin America from the Spanish-American War to the invasion of Panama. Macmillan, New York NY 1990, ISBN 0-02-588210-4 .
  • Lester D. Langley: The Banana wars. United States intervention in the Caribbean, 1898-1934. Revised edition. Dorsey Press, Chicago IL 1988, ISBN 0-256-07020-2 . Originally published under the title The banana wars. An inner history of American empire, 1900-1934 , Lexington, KY (University of Kentucky Press) 1983. ISBN 0-8131-1496-9
  • Lester D. Langley, Thomas Schoonover: The banana men. American mercenaries and entrepreneurs in Central America, 1880-1930. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington KY 1995, ISBN 0-8131-1891-3 .
  • Major Bruce Gudmundsson (ret): THE FIRST OF THE BANANA WARS: US Marines in Nicaragua 1909–12 , in: Daniel Marston / Carter Malkasian (ed.): Counterinsurgency in modern warfare , New York (Osprey Publishing Ltd) 2008, p. 55-69. ISBN 978-1-84603-281-3 .
  • Lester D. Langley: America and the Americas. The United States in the Western Hemisphere , 2nd ed. Athens, OHIO (University of Georgia Press) 2010. ISBN 978-0-8203-2888-1 .
  • Héctor R. Marín Román: ¡Llegó la gringada! El contexto social-militar estadounidense en Puerto Rico y otros lugares del Caribe hasta 1919 , San Juan, PR (Academia Puertorriqueña de la Historia) 2009. ISBN 978-1-934461-31-0 .
  • Hans Schmidt: The United States occupation of Haiti 1915-1934 , New Brunswick, NJ (Rutgers University Press) 1995. ISBN 0-8135-2203-X .
  • William H. Baumer / Richard E. Dupuy: The little wars of the United States. A compact history from 1798 to 1920 , New York (Hawthorn Books) 1968.
  • James Fred Rippy: The Caribbean danger-zone , 3rd edition New York (GP Putnam's Sons) 1940.
  • Harry A. Franck : Roaming through the West Indies . Illustrated with photographs by the author, New York (The Century Co.) 1920.
  • David Healy: Gunboat Diplomacy in the Wilson Era. The US Navy in Haiti 1915-1916 , Madison, WIS 1976. ISBN 0-299-06980-X .
  • James R. Arnold: The Moro War. How America battled a Muslim insurgency in the Philippine jungle, 1902-1913 , New York, NY (Bloomsbury Press) 2011. ISBN 978-1-608-19024-9 .
  • Mary A. Renda: Taking Haiti. Military occupation and the culture of US imperialism, 1915-1940 , Chapel Hill (University of North Carolina Press) 2001. ISBN 978-0-8078-2628-7 .
  • James H. MacCrocklin: Garde d'Haiti 1915-1934. 20 years of organization and training by the US Marine Corps , Annapolis, MD (US Naval Institute) 1956.

Web links