US military intervention in Nicaragua 1926–1933
The US military intervention in Nicaragua 1926-1933 was the second US military intervention in Nicaragua after the US military intervention in Nicaragua 1909-1925 . It lasted from May 7, 1926 to January 2, 1933 and was in the context of the US banana wars from 1898–1934 in the Central American - Caribbean region.
On May 6, 1926, the cruiser USS Cleveland reached Bluefields , the Marines of the United States Marine Corps (USMC) landed on May 7, 1926 and declared a neutral zone , intervening in the Guerra Constitucionalista to kill the lives of US citizens and to protect other foreign interests. The protection also applied to the customs counter and customs house in El Bluff . The Banco Nacional was now protected. The money had previously been withdrawn by the Partido Liberal. The Neutral Zone included: Bluefields, El Bluff, Rama, La Cruz del Río Grande, Bragmans Bluff, and Corn Islands . Frank Billings Kellogg emphasized the neutrality in the dispute between the Partido Liberal and the Partido Conservador.
The government of the Partido Conservador raised its own troops under the name Constabularios .
Arms embargo
The Constabularios air force was equipped with two Hisso Swallow biplanes from the USA, although the US government had imposed an arms embargo on Nicaragua. The double-deckers had been ordered by Humberto Pasos Diaz. The two pilots who transferred the planes - William Brooks and Lee Mason - and their machines were requisitioned by the Chamorro government. The US Navy pilot Irvine Rutledge was also in the air force of the Constabularios.
Concón
The Partido Liberal traditionally stocked up on weapons in Mexico . In August 1926, US Marines landed in Corinto Harbor . On August 17, 1926, the Constabularios' air force attacked the Mexican flag steamer Concón when it was putting out weapons for the Partido Liberal near the port of Corinto. The delivery rifles were called "Concón".
Telecommunications
The double-deckers were used for reconnaissance for the constabularios under General Roberto Hurtado. The troops of the Partido Liberal interrupted the Managua Corinto telecommunications line, so the planes were used for postal services.
Adolfo Díaz
On November 14, 1926, the accountant of the US mining company The Rosario and Light Mines Co , Adolfo Díaz , became president. Díaz immediately called for US military intervention in Nicaragua. Calvin Coolidge saw a threat to US citizens and complied. In early January 1927, more US Marines landed in Bluefields , Prinzapolka , and Corinto. In addition, weapons including a third Hisso Swallow were shipped to Nicaragua brand new by the US government. The United States Department of State gave the Associated Press a story depicting a Mexican- backed Bolshevik supremacy dispute over the Panama Canal . In March 1927, the US Navy reported that 5,414 men were on the way to Nicaragua or in Nicaragua.
Chinandega
In mid-January 1927, associations of the Partido Liberal under General Francisco Parajón attacked the Constabulary under General Alfredo Noguera Gómez in the regions of Leon and Chinandega and took Maniadero. On February 6, 1927, the forces of the Partido Liberal included Chinandega. The Constabularios of Santa Ana and El Calvario were busy. The US Marines were deployed to the defense of Managua on February 6, 1927 under US Major James J. Meade. On February 6, 1927, the Constabularios' planes attacked the Liberal Partido troops in Chinandega . The two pilots Mason and Brooks had already thrown dynamite bombs and shot at troops of the Partido Liberal with their rifles. The Swallow (Schwalbe) was equipped with a Lewis Gun and a camera. The older Swallow had a 100-horsepower engine and carried a camera; the pilot had an automatic pistol, a rifle and ammunition. At noon, two blocks of the business district in Chinandega were on fire. At around 5 p.m. Constabularios dug himself in along the Chinandega Philadelphia railway line, and nine blocks were now burning. On February 7, 1927, the Constabularios attacked Chinandega. In the morning Mason was sent to drop instructions. At noon Brooks attacked positions of the Partido Liberal in Chinandega with bombs and gunfire, whereupon people, including women and children, tried to flee in the streets. On February 19, 1927, Chinandega was captured by US Marines.
Ocotal
At the Battle of Ocotal under Captain Gilbert Hatfield on July 17, 1927, five Airco De Haviland were directed from the ground. 300 Nicaraguans were allegedly killed in the process.
Quilalí
On January 1, 1928 at 1:00 p.m., 300 soldiers of the USMC of a supply troop on the way from the mining town of San Albino in Nueva Segovia to Quilalí on the hill Las Cruces were attacked by troops of the Partido Liberal led by Generals Francisco Estrada and Juan Gregorio Colindres . 1st Sergeant Thomas G. Bruce, the leader of the squad, was killed, the marines dispersed, there was a three-hour exchange of fire, with machine guns, a 37 mm cannon, grenades and machetes, 90 marines were killed, 60 remained and 150 made their way to Quilalí. The spoils for the troops of the Partido Liberal were: six Lewis machine guns, three Thompson MPs , three automatic rifles, 46 rifles, 16 pack animals loaded with ammunition of various calibres, topographical maps, markers for directing aircraft, field glasses and compasses. The troops of the Partido Liberal besieged Quilalí. On January 6, 7 and 8, 1928, Lt. Christian Schilt with a Vought O2U 18 seriously injured to Managua. Charles Lindbergh helped unload the dead and injured .
Protest Against Marine Rule in Nicaragua
In early 1928 the American Anti-Imperialist League put stickers on their mail with the words “Protest Against Marine Rule in Nicaragua”. The US Mail did not deliver the items and US Postmaster General Harry S. New threatened with a fine or up to five years in prison.
Pacto del Espino Negro
The generals of the Partido Liberal Jose Maria Moncada and Juan Bautista Sacasa fought until May 4, 1929 then closed at Tipitapa with the US President Calvin Coolidge sent Henry L. Stimson under Espino Negro the Pacto del Espino Negro . After Díaz's term in office, Moncada and then Sacasa were allowed to become president.
Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional
Augusto César Sandino received the title of General de Hombres Libres (General of Free Men) and, depending on the situation, continued the fight with 2000 to 6000 members of the Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional - EDSN (Defense Force of National Sovereignty) - in northern Nicaragua. On August 21, 1929, the US Navy transporter Henderson with 750 Marines left Corinto for New York. In 1930, 1,000 Marines remained in Nicaragua. On January 2, 1933, one day after Sacasa took office as President, the Marines withdrew from Nicaragua as agreed after they had set up and trained the Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua (Nicaraguan National Guard), whose command was Anastasio Somoza García .
See also
literature
- Alan McPherson: The invaded. How Latin Americans and their allies fought and ended US occupations. Oxford University Press, Oxford u. a. 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-534303-8 .
- Alan McPherson: A short history of US interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, UK / Malden, MA, 2016, ISBN 978-1-118-95399-0 , ISBN 978-1-118-95400-3 .
- Michel Gobat: Confronting the American dream. Nicaragua under US imperial rule. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, etc. a. 2005, ISBN 0-8223-3647-2 , ISBN 0-8223-3634-0 .
- James Fred Rippy: The Caribbean danger-zone. 3rd ed., GP Putnam's Sons, New York 1940.
- Ivan Musicant: The banana wars. A history of United States military intervention in Latin America from the Spanish-American War to the invasion of Panama. Macmillan, New York 1990, ISBN 0-02-588210-4 .
- Lester D. Langley: The Banana wars. United States intervention in the Caribbean, 1898-1934. Revised edition, Dorsey Press, Chicago 1988, ISBN 0-256-07020-2 .
- Lester D. Langley / Thomas Schoonover: The banana men. American mercenaries and entrepreneurs in Central America, 1880-1930. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 1995, ISBN 0-8131-1891-3 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Foreign Relations Efforts by the United States to preserve constitutional government in Nicaragua pdf
- ↑ El Nuevo Diario , January 3, 1998 Rafael Espinosa y nuestra aviación ( Memento of the original of February 27, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ americanheritage December 1967, MR. COOLIDGE'S JUNGLE WAR ( Memento of the original from December 5, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Michael J. Schroeder The Sandino Rebellion in Nicaragua ( Memento of the original from February 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Time, Aug. 01, 1927 Marines Rescued
- ↑ Carta a Gustavo Alemán Bolnos of October 8, 1929 after Augusto C. Sandino El pensamiento vivo p.395
- ↑ Time, Jan. 09, 1928 Marines Trapped
- ^ Time , Feb. 13, 1928 Stickers
- ^ Time Nov. 12, 1928 Not a Jot, Not a Tittle
- ↑ United States Marines in Nicaragua. Message from the President of the United States Transmitting in Response to Senate Resolution No. 386, a Report by the Secretary of State relative to the Maintenance of Marines in Nicaragua. 71st Congress, 3d Session, Senate, Document No. 288 February 17, 1931. p. 15.
