Ban bull
A bull is a mostly papal document that pronounces a teaching condemnation or excommunication as a ban .
The most famous bulls are:
- the reciprocal bulls of the Holy See and the Patriarchate of Constantinople in the wake of the schism of 1054 (repealed in 1965)
- the bull of excommunication from Pope Innocent III. against Emperor Otto IV (1212)
- the bull of excommunication from Pope Gregory IX. against Emperor Friedrich II. (1227/1239)
- the bull of excommunication of Pope Boniface VIII against King Philip IV (France) (1303)
- the bulls Exsurge Domine (actually a bull threatening ban) (June 15, 1520) and Decet Romanum Pontificem (January 3, 1521). The first was directed against the teachings of Martin Luther . He burned this bull publicly. The second excommunicated him.
- the bull of excommunication In eminenti apostolatus specula of Pope Clement XII. against Freemasonry (1738)
- the bull of excommunication from Pope Benedict XIV against Freemasonry (1751)
- the bull of excommunication of Pope Pius VII against the French Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte (1809)
In some cases, there is also a preliminary stage in the form of the bull threatening the ban before the bull . As an example: Before Martin Luther was finally banned from church in 1520 , this was pronounced by Pope Leo X. It is a threat of excommunication. After Luther publicly burned the bull threatening the ban, the ban on the church on January 3, 1521 was only a legal consequence.
The papal bull In coena Domini by Pope Gregory IX. from around 1229, a collection of papal excommunications and threats of punishment, is also referred to as a bull of excommunication.
See also
literature
- Hieronymus Schulz: The burning of the bull by Luther (1520 Derb. 10). A contemporary report (by Hieronymus Schulz). Communicated by Walter Friedensburg, 1898.
- Peter Rath: The bull from Munster or would Jesus receive a teaching ban today? Documentation on the Herrmann case . Tenhumberg, 1976.
- Georg Gotthilf Evers : Martin Luther. The ban bull . 1885
- Immanuel F. Gamm: Ashes sparks from the bull burning of Luther, smoldering after the third secular festival, preserved by the memory of the 2nd Luther, Dr. Valentin Andreä 1817.