Shelling

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Proofing is a collective term for tasks such as fire testing, which is carried out by test centers to determine the safety and compliance with standards of firearms , ammunition and protective weapons . In Germany the test centers are affiliated with the German fire protection offices. These are in turn part of the international network of certified CIP test centers .

history

The history of firearms is closely linked to the development and demand for the safety of firearms. With the first firearms, the gunsmiths and gunsmiths were liable for the safety of the weapons with their lives. It was customary for the guns to receive their initial fire at them. As early as the 15th century , some cities made it compulsory to fire firearms that were produced and sold in their area of ​​influence. The forerunner here was the city council of Nuremberg , which, with the obligation to fire, primarily pursued the quality assurance of the firearms manufactured in the city and thus safeguarding the good reputation of the city and its products. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the inspection and shelling system was largely developed further at the instigation of the military. The main points of the standardization are initially in artillery areas. It can be found from several military sources Instructions for proof test . Worth mentioning are:

  • Netherlands
    • Menno van Coehoorn , works of the artillery and fortress builder on artillery
    • Ministry of War (Departement van Oorlog), regulations on military fire, 1815

At the end of the 19th century, the development of the firearms system was divided into military approvals and tests for civilian firearms and ammunition.

Development in the 20th century

The development of the shooting system in the 20th century is very confusing because of the considerable technical progress, because of two world wars and because of numerous changes in constitutional law. More information can be found in the articles on the bullet proof offices and in the article bullet test . The number of different proof marks that were used in the 20th century is remarkable. Older proof marks are still valid in various countries.

Overview of German proof marks for nitro fire:

  • License plate for German nitro fire for rifles up to 1939

  • License plate for German nitro fire 1939 to 1945

  • License plate for East German nitro-fire 1946 to 1990

  • License plate for West German nitro fire 1946 to 1990

  • License plate for German nitro fire from 1991

Situation at the end of the 20th century

Most of the European states have committed themselves to the uniform organization of the firing system as members of the Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives . In the American area, the SAAMI, as a manufacturer's organization, takes on similar tasks, although there are no bullet tests for the civilian sector. Shelling in the military sector is carried out by the armed forces organizations of the individual states. For example, standards for this can be found today in STANAG regulations for NATO .

Development in the 21st Century

The technical progress in the 21st century brought some small changes such as the application of the proof marks with laser engraving on the weapons. Every single weapon is still tested.

tasks

The main task of the fire protection system is the safety of firearms and ammunition. In the Federal Republic of Germany this is regulated by the shooting law. Additional tasks can be found in sub-areas of the firing system on suitable protective weapons , legal considerations and in the standardization of these specialist areas. Individual tasks and disciplines that are taken into account can be found in:

In Germany, these tasks are mainly carried out by fire protection offices and supported by the VPAM with regard to protective weapons . Internationally, these tasks are performed by the member organizations of the CIP .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Neslihan Asutay-Effenberger / Ulrich Rehm (ed.) . Sultan Mehmet II - conqueror of Constantinople - patron of the arts , Böhlau Verlag, Cologne 2009 ISBN 978-3-412-20255-2 , pages 211 ff "Mehmet Cannon Master Urban and. his giant gun in front of the land wall of Constantinople ”(viewed on September 16, 2010) Book preview
  2. ^ Johannes Karl Wilhelm Willers: The Nuremberg handgun up to the middle of the 16th century (=  series of publications by the Nuremberg City Archives . No. 11 ). Nuremberg City Archives, 1973.
  3. ^ Ministry of War Netherlands, Regulations on Military Shelling, 1815 (accessed September 16, 2010)
  4. ↑ Inspection and proof of naval guns , 1866 (accessed on September 16, 2010) ( Memento from January 19, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  5. ↑ Marking small arms , 1866 (accessed on September 17, 2010) ( Memento from January 19, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  6. ↑ UK Ministry of Defense Defense Standard, Proof of Ordnance, Munitions, Armor and Explosives (accessed on September 17, 2010) (PDF, 357 kB) ( Memento from March 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  7. ↑ Proofing in Schleswig-Holstein, overview of the areas of responsibility (accessed on September 16, 2010; PDF; 365 kB) ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  8. ↑ Beschussamt Ulm, overview of the areas of responsibility (viewed on September 16, 2010) ( Memento from April 12, 2010 in the Internet Archive )

Web links

Commons : Proof marks  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Announcement concerning the execution of the law on the testing of barrels and breeches of handguns of May 19, 1891. June 22, 1892. (German Reich)  - Sources and full texts