Burmese-Siamese War 1568–1569
Map of Ayutthaya
| date | 1568 to 1569 |
|---|---|
| place | Siam (Thailand) |
| output | Burma victory |
| consequences | Pegu kept Siam under his rule for the next 15 years |
| Parties to the conflict | |
|---|---|
|
Kingdom of Pegu under the Taungu Dynasty (Burma) |
|
| Commander | |
|
King Bayinnaung |
King Chakkraphat
|
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The Burmese-Siamese War 1568–1569 ( Thai การ เสีย กรุง ศรีอยุธยา ครั้ง ที่ หนึ่ง , RTGS Kan-Sia Krung Si Ayutthaya Khrang thi Nueng , "first loss of Ayutthaya") was a military conflict between the Burmese Empire under the Taungu dynasty and Pegu the Siamese Kingdom of Ayutthaya in what is now Thailand .
prehistory
The charismatic and militarily extremely successful King Bayinnaung of Pegu (Thai Hongsawadi ) led Burma to its greatest extent in a large number of campaigns in the second half of the 16th century and made it one of the greatest empires in Southeast Asian history. In 1557/58 he subjugated the Shan states and Lan Na in what is now northern Thailand.
After Bayinnaung 's first campaign against Ayutthaya in 1563/64 , the local king Chakkraphat capitulated and recognized the Burmese supremacy. He was taken hostage to Pegu, where he was ordained a monk. In Ayutthaya, meanwhile, his son Mahin ruled as a vassal of Burma. In Phitsanulok , Chakkraphat's son-in-law Maha Thammaracha ruled over the northern provinces of Siam, which were no longer under Ayutthaya control. He had allied himself with Bayinnaung and also recognized the Burmese supremacy.
After two years in Pegu, Bayinnaung allowed Chakkraphat to go on a pilgrimage to Siam. Once there, however, he took off the monk's robe and sat back on the throne. He tried to shake off the Burmese supremacy. To this end, he sought an alliance with Lan Xang (in today's Laos), which Bayinnaung had also subjugated in 1565. He offered his daughter Thepkasattri as a wife to the local king Setthathirath (whom he had previously refused because she was too young). Maha Thammaracha of Phitsanulok, however, sabotaged this alliance by kidnapping Thepkasattri (his sister-in-law) on the way from Ayutthaya to Vientiane .
According to the Dutch chronicler Jeremias Van Vliet , it was also Maha Thammaracha who advised the Burmese King Bayinnaung to wage another campaign against Ayutthaya. He then commanded part of the Burmese army, which Phitsanulok could also use as a base for his attack.
course
This time Bayinnaung sent a "huge multi-ethnic force" - fed from the states that Bayinnaung had previously subjugated - to conquer Ayutthaya. The troops advanced on the Siamese capital from the west (Burma proper) as well as from the north (Lan Na and Phitsanulok) and met little resistance. The Burmese and their Thai allies besieged the well-armed capital for over ten months. During this time the seriously ill King Chakkraphat died and his son Mahin ascended the throne again. This turned out to be a rather hesitant general. Lan Xang sent a relief army to support Ayutthaya, but this was defeated at Phetchabun by the troops of Maha Thammaracha.
On August 8, 1569, traitors inside Ayutthaya - allies of the Maha Thammaracha - opened the gates and the attackers were able to take the city.
Effects
In contrast to the surrender in 1564, the Burmese army plundered Ayutthaya extensively this time. According to Burmese chronicles, each of the 54 brigades took one or two truckloads of booty such as gold, silver and clothing with them. In addition, statues of Buddha and gods (including those that Siam had captured from Angkor in 1431/32 ), royal jewelry and golden implements that were in use at the court were brought to Pegu. Members of the Siamese elite, including the previous King Mahin , kidnapped the Burmese as hostages to Pegu. Mahin died on the way there. Tens of thousands of Siamese subjects were deported to Burma as labor or drafted into the Burmese army as soldiers. There had never been a transfer of both personnel and symbols of royal power from one capital to another on this scale in the history of Southeast Asia. As a result of this war, Pegu was the second largest, richest and most powerful empire in Asia after China.
The previous Viceroy of Phitsanulok, Maha Thammaracha , became the new King of Siam as a Burmese vassal. Robbed of its fortifications, manpower, able-bodied population and importance as a trading power, Ayutthaya had to recognize the supremacy of Pegus for the following 15 years. The princes Naresuan and Ekathotsarot (sons of the new King Maha Thammaracha), who had been hostages at the court of King Bayinnaung since 1564, continued their training as pages there. They also studied Burmese warfare, which they later used to liberate their country. Her sister Suphankanlaya , Maha Thammaracha's eldest child, became a concubine to the Burmese King Bayinnaung in 1571. In return, Naresuan and Ekathotsarot were able to return to Siam.
The 16-year-old Naresuan was installed as viceroy in Phitsanulok by his father. He and his father had their cities fortified again and strengthened their armies. Bayinnaung died in 1581, his son Nandabayin turned out to be weaker and was unable to cope with holding the huge empire together. Naresuan announced his loyalty to him in 1584 and shook off the Burmese supremacy in the following war until 1593 .
literature
- Prince Damrong Rajanubhab , Chris Baker (Ed.): The Chronicle of Our Wars with the Burmese. Hostilities between Siamese and Burmese when Ayutthaya was the capital of Siam. White Lotus, Bangkok 2001.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Damrong Rajanubhab: Rueang thai rop phama khrang krung kao. 1917 (English: Our Wars with the Burmese. Thai-Burmese conflict 1539-1767. Translated and edited by Chris Baker . White Lotus, Bangkok 2001, ISBN 9747534584. , Pp. 42-64.)
- ↑ a b Chris Baker , Pasuk Phongpaichit : A History of Ayutthaya. Siam in the Early Modern World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 2017, p. 96.
- ↑ a b Chris Baker, Pasuk Phongpaichit: A History of Ayutthaya. Siam in the Early Modern World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 2017, p. 77.
- ↑ a b c d Volker Grabowsky : Brief history of Thailand. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2010, p. 49.
- ^ A b David K. Wyatt : Thailand. A short history. 2nd edition, Silkworm Books, Chiang Mai 2004, p. 82.
- ↑ Chris Baker, Pasuk Phongpaichit: A History of Ayutthaya. Siam in the Early Modern World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 2017, pp. 96–97.