Boberhaus

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The Boberhaus , derived from the Bober River, which rises in the Giant Mountains, was a home for people's education and border school in the town of Löwenberg , now Lwówek Slaski, then in the province of Lower Silesia . From 1926 to 1937 it was run by the Schlesische Jungmannschaft e. V., a progressive and independent organization within the Bundische Deutschen Freischar, supported in terms of content and economy. The Boberhaus was open to young people regardless of party affiliation, origin, occupation or worldview. That institution of adult education cultivated foreign relations, especially to Southeast Europe. During the Weimar Republic , it received moral and financial support from authorities at all levels. The Boberhaus archive set up after the Second World War was located in Kaiserslautern and was transferred to the Institute for Contemporary History in Munich . The International Youth Meeting Center Kreisau on the estate around Castle Kreisau in Krzyżowa shows documents on the Löwenberg working group and the work of the Boberhaus district up to 1994. Hans Poelzig's architectural drawings are archived in Berlin .

Villa Boberhaus before 1945

history

In 1908, Max Zwirner, owner of the Löwenberger Blücher pharmacy, commissioned the architect Hans Poelzig , then director of the Royal School of Arts and Crafts in Breslau , to design a six-story residential building for him with a boarding school for boys. This was then built on a hillside opposite Löwenberger Schweiz with a view of the Jizera and Giant Mountains and opened in 1910 as Landhaus Zwirner . After the client Zwirner planted rare conifers in the area, the name changed to Haus Fichteneck . In 1926, following their decision taken in Schreiberhau, the Silesian Young Team acquired the down-to-earth architecture villa with a south-facing terrace. That building was entered in the land register as Boberhaus at Hirschberger Straße 10, a historical term since then and to this day. The Löwenberger Post and Telecommunications Office assigned the locker 7 and the phone number 100; the current account was set up at the Städtische Sparkasse Löwenberg. Beginning at Easter 1926, a radiant educational work was carried out here for eleven years, for example in the form of adult education courses, musical education, leisure time for employed or unemployed young people, folklore, conference facilities, stays in country homes or summer camps for foreign youth. A total of 40,000 participants went in and out according to fixed regulations. Voluntary labor camps for workers, farmers and students, who are closely associated with Professor Eugen Rosenstock-Hussey and his twenty-year-old student Helmuth James Graf von Moltke , had a particularly lasting effect . Both wanted to convey orientation and confidence to young people from the hard coal mining area of Landeshut - Waldenburg - Neurode, who were hard hit by mass unemployment and misery . In order to gain diverse strengths for those socio-educational goals, after numerous preliminary talks , Graf von Moltke, Hans Dehmel and Horst von Einsiedel founded the "Löwenberger Arbeitsgemeinschaft" on October 27, 1927, which included Gerhart Hauptmann (Nobel Prize Winner for Literature), Heinrich Brüning (Member of the Reichstag) and Gerhart von Schulze-Gaevernitz (university professor). The first camp with the components of physical work, lectures and debates on development issues, sporting and cultural leisure time, took place from March 14 to April 1, 1928 for one hundred young men - one third each worker, peasant and student - similar to the camp in 1929, then in the following year also with young women. The pedagogue and cultural scientist Professor Adolf Reichwein was one of the desired interlocutors . The Löwenberg labor camps served as a model for numerous sponsors at home and abroad. However, on 9 November 1937, the dispossessed NSDAP Silesian young men and took over without compensation the Bober house, then on it was built hostel in the Hitler Youth , Wehrmacht hospital camp for forced laborers. Probably on February 12, 1945, around 35 years after its inauguration, the Boberhaus burned down to ruin. The terrible sight still persists today. In 1949 the property was divided.

Signet of the Kreisau Circle

Twelve years after the first labor camp and almost six years after Hitler came to power , Helmuth James Graf von Moltke and Peter Graf Yorck von Wartenburg began to gather anti-fascist friends as members of a working group. Hitler's security service later called these courageous men the Kreisau Circle after they were exposed in late summer 1944 . Moltke had met trustworthy people in the Boberhaus - he won eight for the conspiratorial collaboration: Carl-Dietrich von Trotha , Horst von Einsiedel , Adolf Reichwein , Hans Peters , Otto Heinrich von der Gablentz , Fritz Christiansen-Less , Theodor Steltzer , Hans Lukaschek . Their protest at the risk of their lives consisted in thinking ahead for a democratic Germany after the end of the war. This was laid down on August 9, 1943 in the Berghaus Kreisau, Moltke's possession, as the principles for the reorganization . The Boberhaus in Löwenberg / Silesia was a defining preliminary stage for this.

The associations LTR Lwówek Slaski and town twinning association Heidenau implemented their project Four memorial plaques for the Boberhaus from 2017 to 2020 . At the end of the cooperation, the idea came up to build the Boberhaus again as a European youth meeting place. But first a detailed Boberhaus model 1/87 was created. It is used for exhibition and advertising purposes.

Head of the Boberhaus

  • 1926–1927 Gerhard Klau (1898–1950), supported by:
    • Ernst Seeliger (1885–1947) and
    • Roman Kapuste (1895–1983)
  • 1928–1929 Hans Dehmel (* 1896)
  • 1930–1932 Hans Raupach (1903–1997)
  • 1932–1933 Georg Keil (1905–1990)
  • 1933 until liquidation in 1937: Walter Greiff (* 1903)
  • Villa Boberhaus

  • East Side

  • North side

  • West side

  • South side

  • cut

literature

  • Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy: University and labor camp . In: Schlesische Hochschulblätter 2, 1927, pp. 17-19; “The labor camp for young workers, young farmers and young academics in Löwenberg from 14.-31. March 1928 " . Freie Volksbildung (new series of the archive for adult education) 3, 1928: pp. 217–224.
  • Artur von Machui : From when we were founded. In: The ethnic group. Contributions to the Silesian national education center. Spring 1928, pp. 2-4.
  • Adolf Reichwein : A labor camp. In: Volkshochschulblätter für Thüringen, 10, 1928–29, No. 1, pp. 14–19.
  • Ullrich Amlung, Nicole Hoffmann, Bettina Irina Reimers: Adolf Reichwein and Fritz Klatt. A study and source volume on adult education and reform pedagogy in the Weimar Republic. Juventa, Weinheim 2008, pp. 79-86.
  • Eugen Rosenstock and Carl-Dietrich von Trotha (eds.): The labor camp. Reports from Silesia by workers, peasants, students . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1931, pp. 87–116.
  • Klaus Bergmann, Günther Frank: Educational work with adults. Handbook for independent learning. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1977, pp. 44–60 (“The Third Camp” and “Voices”).
  • Georg Keil: Living coexistence in the Boberhaus . In: Yearbook of the Archives of the German Youth Movement 10, 1978, pp. 117–129.
  • Walter Greiff: The Boberhaus in Löwenberg / Silesia 1933–1937. Self-assertion by a non-phonetic group . Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1985.
  • Peter Dudek: Education through work. Labor camp movement and voluntary labor service 1920–1935 . Leske & Budrich , Opladen 1988.
  • Johann Georg Keil, Hans Dehmel and others: The advance of the labor camp movement. History and experience of the labor camp movement for workers, peasants, students 1925–1932. Edited by the German Student Union . Series: Studentenwerk-Schriften Vol. 6; de Gruyter, Berlin 1932
  • Walter Greiff, Rudolf Jentsch, Hans Richter (eds.): Conversation and action in group and society 1919–1969. For Hans Dehmel on behalf of the Boberhauskreis. Series: Sources and Contributions to the History of the Youth Movement, Volume 14. Dipa, Frankfurt 1970.
  • Peter Nasarski (Hrsg.): German youth movement in Europe. Attempt to take stock. Texts by Gerhard Albrich, Hans Christian Brandenburg, Hans Christ, Hans Dehmel, Karl Epting , Rolf Gardiner, Rüdiger Goldmann , Sepp Großschmidt, Bernhard Heister, Willi Horak, Augustinus K. Huber, Wilhelm Jesser, Toni Kaser, Rudolf Kneip , Helmut Neumann, Kurt Oberdorffer , Erich Scholz , Elimar Schubbe, Friedrich Spieser-Hünenburg, Arved von Taube, Karl Thums , Erhard Wittek . Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik, Cologne 1967.
  • Jürgen von der Trappen: The Silesian young team in the years from 1922 to 1932. A contribution to the history of the German youth movement. PhD thesis phil. Comprehensive University of Essen 1996
  • Günter Brakelmann : Christianity in the Resistance: Helmuth James Graf von Moltke . Insights into the life of a young German, Berlin 2008
  • Günter Brakelmann, Helmuth James Graf von Moltke. Chronology of his life in the context of German political history and the history of the resistance, publisher: von der Hans-Ehrenberg-Gesellschaft, Hartmut Spenner Verlag Kamen 2020
  • Kurt Finker : Graf Moltke and the Kreisau Circle, 2nd revised edition, Berlin (GDR) 1980
  • Ulrich Amlung: Adolf Reichwein 1898 - 1944. A portrait of the political educator, folklorist and resistance fighter (2 volumes), dipa-Verlag Frankfurt am Main 1991
  • From Silesian architecture. Buildings of Poelzig. In: Schlesische Heimat-Blätter. Journal for Silesian Culture, Issue 13, April 1, 1911, Ed. Otto Reier Hirschberg

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ulrich Amlung: Adolf Reichwein 1898 - 1944. A portrait of the political educator, folklorist and resistance fighter (2 volumes), dipa-Verlag Frankfurt am Main 1991
  2. ↑ Jürgen von der Trappen: The Silesian young team in the years from 1922 to 1932. A contribution to the history of the German youth movement. PhD thesis phil. Comprehensive University of Essen 1996.
  3. ^ Kurt Finker: Graf Moltke and the Kreisau Circle, 2nd revised edition, Berlin (GDR) 1980
  4. ^ Günter Brakelmann, Helmuth James Graf von Moltke. Chronology of his life in the context of German political history and the history of the resistance, Bochum.
  5. ^ Town twinning association Heidenau; Archive Werner Guder
  6. ↑ Peter Dudek: Education through work: labor camp movement and voluntary labor service 1920-1935 . Springer-Verlag, Wiesbaden 1988, ISBN 978-3-663-12096-4 , p. 131 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

Coordinates: 51 ° 6 ′ 14.7 "  N , 15 ° 35 ′ 39.1"  E