Lwówek Śląski

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Lwówek Śląski
Coat of arms of Lwówek Śląski
Lwówek Śląski (Poland)
Lwówek Śląski
Lwówek Śląski
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Lower Silesia
Powiat : Lwówek Śląski
Area : 16.61  km²
Geographic location : 51 ° 7 '  N , 15 ° 35'  E Coordinates: 51 ° 6 '39 "  N , 15 ° 35' 9"  E
Height : 202 m npm
Residents : 8869
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Postal code : 59-600
Telephone code : (+48) 75
License plate : DLW
Economy and Transport
Street : Olszyna - Legnica
Rail route : Legnica – Jerzmanice-Zdrój railway line
Next international airport : Wroclaw
Gmina
Gminatype: Urban and rural municipality
Surface: 240.37 km²
Residents: 17,239
(June 30, 2019)
Population density : 72 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 0212033
Administration (as of 2014)
Mayor : Mariola Szczęsna
Address: al. Wojska Polskiego
25
A
59-600 Lwówek Śląski
Website : www.lwowekslaski.pl



Lwówek Śląski [ ˈlvuvɛk ˈɕlõsci ] ( German Löwenberg in Schlesien ) is a city in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland. It belongs to the Euroregion Neisse . From 1281 to 1286 it was the seat of the Duchy of Löwenberg .

Geographical location

The city is located in the western part of Lower Silesia on the left bank of the Bober at 202 m above sea level. NHN , about 50 km northwest of Jelenia Góra ( Hirschberg ), 50 km southwest of Legnica ( Liegnitz ), 20 km south of Bolesławiec ( Bunzlau ) and 50 km east of Görlitz . It borders in the south on the landscape protection park Bobertal ( Park Krajobrazowy Doliny Bobru ).

Löwenberg am Bober , south of Bunzlau and north of Hirschberg , on a map from 1905
City panorama
Löwenberg Town Hall (15th century)

history

Löwenberg emerged as part of the first clearing settlement that Duke Heinrich I of Silesia had carried out on the inner side of the border forest ( Löwenberger Hag ) in the early 13th century . It was first mentioned in a document in 1217. At that time, Duke Heinrich I commissioned bailiffs Thomas and Hartlieb with the suspension of the city of Löwenberg under German law. This made Löwenberg the second oldest town under German law in Silesia after Goldberg . It was laid out halfway between the old Slavic border fortifications Bunzlau and Lehnhaus and developed into the center of the German-legal Waldhufendörfer on Löwenberger Hag as well as the center of the gold panning industry , which was already in operation at that time , east of Plagwitz . When it was founded, Löwenberg was equipped with 100 hooves in Nieder Mois and Nieder Görisseiffen. At the same time, Ober Mois was implemented in accordance with German law and, with its 50 hooves, legally incorporated as a town village to Löwenberg.

The city was laid out within an oval defensive wall with a grid-shaped street network and a rectangular market place. The Hohe Straße ran over this, leading into the city via the Laubaner Tor and exiting it via the Goldberger Tor. The parish church of the Assumption of Mary and John the Lord was built in the northwest of the city. T. also comes from the early days. She received donations from Duke Heinrich I.

When the Duchy of Silesia was divided , Löwenberg came to the Duchy of Liegnitz in 1248 , which was established for Heinrich I's son Boleslaw II . For this year there is evidence of a ducal castle in Löwenberg as well as the Franciscan monastery , which belonged to the Saxon order province ( Saxonia ). From 1281 to 1286 Löwenberg was the seat of Duke Bernhard I , the ruler of the Duchy of Löwenberg. He handed the parish church over to the Johannites in 1281 , who also took care of the hospitals outside the walls. After the death of Bernhard I in 1286, his brother Bolko I united the Duchy of Löwenberg with his Duchy of Jauer , but retained the title of Duke von Löwenberg . After the death of Duke Bolko I in 1314, the Löwenberg sub-area fell to his son Heinrich I. He granted the city of Löwenberg extensive privileges, including the free salt market and the right to mint . After his death in 1346, Löwenberg passed to his nephew, Duke Bolko II , under whom Löwenberg did not play a prominent role, but was able to expand his position.

After the death of Duke Bolko II in 1368, Löwenberg fell together with the Duchy of Schweidnitz-Jauer as a settled fiefdom to the Crown of Bohemia , with the Dowager Duchess Agnes von Habsburg being granted a lifelong usufruct in her will. The city's location on the Via Regia made it one of the wealthy cities in Bohemia .

Bunzlauer Turm in the north of the city

1377, the city acquired the Erbvogtei , 1441, the bailiwick and in 1444 the corresponding Burglehn . At the end of the 15th century the castle was demolished. In the 15th and 16th centuries the city was able to expand its land holdings to include almost the entire city. From the beginning, the cloth makers , whose guild is documented as early as 1311, were of economic importance . In 1548, 298 master drapers ran their trade.

The Franciscans left their Löwenberg monastery as early as 1543 because of the Reformation , which was not finally established in Löwenberg until 1561 under the influence of the Schwenckfelder . The Counter Reformation began in 1629 during the Thirty Years' War . In 1631, the re-Catholicization measures were extended to women, which led to a tumult that went down in town history as the “Löwenberger Weiberkrieg”. In 1640 about 350-400 houses were destroyed by Swedish troops who occupied the city. At the end of the war in 1648, of the previous 7,000 inhabitants, only 960 were still in the city.

After the First Silesian War in 1742, Löwenberg and most of Silesia fell to Prussia . In May 1813, French troops marched into Löwenberg, and Napoleon himself stayed here from August 21st to 23rd to lead the defense against the troops of General Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher . Only a few days later, after the Battle of the Katzbach , the Prussian Army drove the French out, with more than 3,000 French soldiers reportedly drowning in the flood of the Bober River. After the reorganization of Prussia , Löwenberg belonged to the province of Silesia from 1815 and from 1816 was the seat of the district of Löwenberg in the administrative district of Liegnitz .

A cultural boom occurred when, after his abdication in 1849, Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Constantin of Hohenzollern-Hechingen chose Löwenberg as his place of residence in 1852. He brought his court orchestra with him and held concerts with important composers, musicians and conductors in the concert hall of the palace he built between 1850 and 1852.

In the 19th century, the cloth making industry went down. Mill works were built in 1851, and sandstone quarries in the area were also important. In 1908 a drawing material factory was built. Since Löwenberg was popularly referred to as "Silesian Rothenburg", there was a lot of excursion traffic, especially with the railway connection from 1885 to Greiffenberg . The connection to Goldberg followed in 1894, to Hirschberg in 1907 and to Siegersdorf in 1909 . At the beginning of the 20th century, Löwenberg had a Protestant church, two Catholic churches, a synagogue , a secondary school , a teacher’s seminar, a forest ranger's office, two hospitals and was the seat of a local court .

From 1926 Löwenberg was known for the Boberhaus , which was built on the initiative of the sociologist Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy . It was located in a building that was built in 1910 according to a design by the Berlin architect Hans Poelzig and called "Haus Fichteneck". In 1937 the Boberhaus was closed by the National Socialists . In 1927, Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy also founded the Löwenberger Arbeitsgemeinschaft , which was also based in Löwenberg. She persecuted u. a. an improvement in living and working conditions in the Waldenburger Land . After the seizure of power by the National Socialists, the movement lost its leading light: Rosenstock-Huessy was of Jewish origin and emigrated in 1933 to the United States.

Until 1945, Lowenberg administrative headquarters of the district Lowenberg in district Liegnitz the Prussian province of Silesia of the German Reich .

In the last days of World War II , over 40% of the old city was destroyed. After the war ended in 1945, Löwenberg was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet Union, along with most of Silesia . The immigration of Polish migrants began, some of whom came from areas east of the Curzon Line and belonged to the Polish minorities there. Löwenberg was first renamed Lwówek nad Bobrem and later Lwówek Śląski . The local German population was expelled by the local Polish administrative authority .

In the 1960s and 1970s, 80% of the old town was leveled and replaced by modern row buildings in the style of the socialist city along the old streets. So also on the market square, where only the town hall and the inner ring block have been preserved. Numerous Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque buildings were lost. Only a few houses on the edges of the old town and the public buildings, which now stand as solitaires in the relaxed cityscape, were spared from the extensive demolition. The Protestant church was demolished in 1972 except for its tower.

Demographics

Population development until 1945
year Residents Remarks
1816 3684
1825 3552 including 788 Catholics and 44 Jews
1829 3260 including 718 Catholics and 29 Jews
1840 3770 2865 Protestants, 853 Catholics and 52 Jews
1867 5619 on December 3rd
1871 4798 on December 1st, of which 3456 Protestants, 1205 Catholics, 61 other Christians, 76 Jews.
1890 4782 including 3656 Evangelicals, 1031 Catholics and 31 Jews
1900 5293 mostly evangelicals
1933 6063
1939 6337

Attractions

  • The Löwenberg town hall was mentioned as early as 1345. The current rectangular shape of the brick building dates from 1480. The west tower was built from 1500 to 1504. The town hall received the late Gothic interior and exterior design through renovations in the years 1522 to 1524 and 1546/47. The net vault on the ground floor also dates from this period. An extension with arcades was built between 1903 and 1905 based on a design by Hans Poelzig . In 1945 the town hall was easily destroyed and partially burned out. From 1955 to 1958 the building was originally reconstructed and rebuilt.
  • The city parish church of the Assumption ( Kościół Wniebowzięcia NMP ) was built around 1233-38. After a fire, the church was rebuilt between 1493 and 1511 according to a design by the Görlitz city ​​architect Conrad Pflüger . The two towers at the west portal have been preserved from the previous building. From 1520-1637 it served as a Protestant church. In 1752 the church burned down again and was rebuilt between 1863 and 1866. It received today's interior. These include the neo-Gothic main altar and side altars, the pulpit and the organ. The church was renovated between 1977 and 1977.
  • Parts of the double city wall with the Laubaner and the Bunzlau gate tower.
  • Parish church and Franciscan monastery from the 13th century.
  • Preserved town houses (bread banks and shoe stores) of the inner ring block
  • Renaissance castle in Płakowice ( Plagwitz )
  • Palace of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Constantin of Hohenzollern-Hechingen . It was built in the Renaissance style between 1850 and 1852 based on designs by Friedrich August Stüler . Later it served as a district office and district building , today city and community office.
  • Sandstone rocks in "Löwenberger Schweiz", south of the city.

  • Parish Church of the Assumption

  • Palace of the Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen

  • Preserved Renaissance town houses in the inner ring block

City arms

POL Lwówek Śląski COA.svg

The coat of arms is split ; in front in silver a gold crowned , red lion ; behind in gold a red, silver and black slaughtered eagle of the dukes of Schweidnitz . To this shield belongs an open flight , which is red on the right and sprinkled with seven golden sea ​​leaves and silver on the left and sprinkled with seven red sea leaves.

The coat of arms was awarded on Valentine's Day ( February 14th) 1501 by the feudal lord, the Bohemian King Vladislav II of Bohemia , at the request of the city council and confirmed by Emperor Maximilian I on February 26th, 1501 (with the name of the city Lembergk ). The lion was already shown on a city seal in 1341.

local community

Reticulated vault from 1522
German Federal Post Office (1966)

The urban and rural community Lwówek Śląski has the following districts ( official German names until 1945 ) with a school administration office in addition to the township :

  • Bielanka ( Lauterseiffen )
  • Brunów ( Braunau )
  • Chmielno ( Ludwigsdorf )
  • Dębowy Gaj ( Seven Oaks )
  • Dłużec ( Lang Neundorf )
  • Dworek ( Hofel )
  • Gaszów ( Gehnsdorf )
  • Górczyca ( Hohndorf )
  • Gradówek ( Hagendorf )
  • Kotliska ( Kesselsdorf )
  • Mojesz ( Lower Mois )
  • Nagórze ( Neundorf-Liebenthal )
  • Niwnice ( new territory )
  • Pieszków ( Petersdorf )
  • Płakowice ( Plagwitz )
  • Płóczki Dolne ( Lower Görisseiffen )
  • Płóczki Górne ( Upper Görisseiffen )
  • Radłówka ( Hartelangenvorwerk )
  • Radomiłowice ( Radmannsdorf )
  • Rakowice Małe ( Little Rackwitz )
  • Rakowice Wielkie ( Groß Rackwitz )
  • Skała ( hollow stone )
  • Skorzynice ( Hartliebsdorf )
  • Sobota ( Zobten a. Bober )
  • Ustronie ( Seitendorf )
  • Włodzice Małe ( Klein Walditz )
  • Włodzice Wielkie ( Groß Walditz )
  • Zbylutów ( Deutmannsdorf )
  • Żerkowice ( Sirgwitz )

Sons of the city

Sorted by year of birth

literature

  • Hugo Weczerka (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical places . Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , pp. 296-299.
  • Dehio Handbook of Art Monuments in Poland. Silesia. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich et al. 2005, ISBN 3-422-03109-X , p.
  • Rudolf Scholz: The swallows of childhood. Dingsda-Verlag, Querfurt 1995, ISBN 3-928498-38-X . The novel depicts flight and expulsion, especially the period up to December 1946 when Germans and Poles lived here together.
  • Thomas Maruck: Welcome to Löwenberg / Lwowek Slaski and Braunau / Brúnow Castle . Senfkorn Verlag (Görlitz)
  • Unb. Author: Last days in the city and district of Löwenberg. Silesians report flight, oppression and displacement. Goerlitz 2000.
  • District of Hanover (Hrsg.): Home book of the district of Löwenberg in Silesia . Hanover 1959.
  • Möller, Adolf: A hike through the Löwenberg district in Silesia . Bückeburg 1968.

Web links

Commons : Lwówek Śląski  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Lemberg in the Topographia Bohemiae, Moraviae et Silesiae  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ↑ Landscape Protection Park Bobertal , accessed on July 5, 2017.
  3. ↑ The year 1209 mentioned in the legal summary of 1407 is regarded as implausible.
  4. ↑ Entry on territorial.de accessed March 28, 2018 .
  5. ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 12, Leipzig / Vienna 1908, p. 750 .
  6. ↑ Renaming in 1945 .
  7. ↑ Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 3: Kr – O , Halle 1822, p. 125, item 2765 .
  8. ^ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, towns and other places of the royal family. Prussia. Province of Silesia, including the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia, which now belongs entirely to the province, and the County of Glatz; together with the attached evidence of the division of the country into the various branches of civil administration . Breslau 1830, pp. 963-965.
  9. ^ Johann Georg Knie : Brief geographical description of Prussian Silesia, the County of Glaz and the Prussian Margraviate of Upper Lusatia or the entire province of Prussian Silesia: For use in schools. First ribbon . Breslau 1831. Page 156–162 of Chapter I: District of the royal. Government of Breslau ( pp. 347-350 of the e-copy of the Gyfrowa library ).
  10. ^ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, cities and other places of the royal family. Preusz. Province of Silesia . 2nd edition, Breslau 1845, pp. 867-868.
  11. ^ A b Royal Statistical Bureau: The municipalities and manor districts of the province of Silesia and their population. Based on the original materials of the general census of December 1, 1871. Berlin 1874, pp. 252-253, item 5 .
  12. ^ A b c Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. loewenberg.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  13. ↑ Thomas Maruck: Welcome to Löwenberg / Lwowek Slaski and Braunau / Brúnow Castle. Senfkorn Verlag, Görlitz, pp. 5-6
  14. ↑ Thomas Maruck: Welcome to Löwenberg / Lwówek_Śląski and Braunau / Brúnow Castle. Senfkorn Verlag (Görlitz) p. 4
  15. ^ Otto Zimmermann: Coat of arms of the district town of Löwenberg , Bote aus dem Queistale, January 1962, p. 2
  16. ↑ The Genealogical Place Directory