Boncuklu

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Boncuklu is an archaeological site from the Epipalaeolithic near the village of Hayıroğlu in the Konya Plain in the Karatay district of the Turkish province of Konya . The settlement is dated to 8500-7500  cal BC , which chronologically corresponds to the late phase of the early PPNB in Upper Mesopotamia. The site, which is on a low marl hill , has an area of ​​about one hectare, the cultural layers are one to two meters thick. The site was used as a threshing floor, and some paths damaged archaeological layers.

Research history

The site was discovered in 2001 by Douglas Baird ( University of Liverpool ) during the Konya Plain Survey . However, locals had already noticed pearls (in Turkish boncuk ) on the surface, which is how the tell got its name. The site has been excavated since 2006 under the direction of Doug Baird. In 2006, three cuts measuring 5 × 5 m (H, K and M) were made. Section M contained layers of waste, mainly ash, but also building remains. These layers of waste appear to be widespread and have also been found in other areas of the settlement. House I was revealed in section K. In 2007, section O, which measures 11 × 6 m, and section Y outside the actual settlement area were added.

Specialists from the University of Liverpool , the University of Queensland , the University College London (UCL), the University of Reading and the University of Bournemouth take part in the excavations. Louise Martin from UCL examined the well-preserved animal bones, they are dominated by wild boars (predominant) and aurochs (approx. 33%), pets are completely absent so far. Also, equine , birds and turtles were consumed. The archaeobotanist and anthracologist Elena Asouti of the University of Liverpool is studying the charcoal that can be used to reconstruct the Neolithic environment. Remnants of domesticated wheat ( emmer ) and barley were found, but Baird considers these to be imports.

In addition to the Epipalaeolithic settlement, burials from the Early Bronze Age have also been found.

Houses

The oval houses are made of adobe bricks and are between 15 and 20 m 2 in size. House I (section K) was 5 × 3 m in size). However, the houses also contain post holes. In the northwest of the houses there was a round hearth, the floor here was mostly dirtier than in the higher area in the southeast, where the floor was also better worked. The houses were relatively stationary, so a house in section K was built six times in the same place and with the same plan. Some houses had painted reliefs on the north wall, the patterns could not yet be clearly interpreted). Floors were often renewed) and were sometimes wholly or partially painted red and, as phytoliths indicate, covered with mats. A decorated stone was found between the houses, in the area of ​​a rubbish heap. In contrast to Catal Höyük, the houses had entrances at ground level.

Material culture

The stone industry is dominated by microliths . However, PPNB influence can be seen in the bullet tips . The artifacts show similarities to the finds from the earliest layers of Çatal Höyük and Can Hasan III. Obsidian is the predominant raw material. Ornate arrow shaft straighteners have also been found. Other stones are also decorated. The pearls consist of sea shells (including Nassarius ) and stone. Bone devices are also found, for example spatulae. Clay figurines are rare.

Burials

Some of the dead were buried under the floors of the houses.

environment

Like Çatal Höyük , Boncuklu is located in the lake area of ​​southern central Turkey. Large parts of the Konya Plain were covered with freshwater lakes and swamps during the Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic , which provided excellent living conditions for hunters and gatherers. The settlement is on a slight elevation, so it was protected from flooding.

literature

  • Douglas Baird: The Boncuklu Project: the origins of sedentism, cultivation and herding in central Anatolia. In: Anatolian Archeology 13, 2007, pp. 14-17.
  • Douglas Baird: The Boncuklu Project: investigating the beginnings of agriculture, sedentism and herding in central Anatolia. In: Anatolian Archeology 16, 2010, pp. 9-11.
  • Ceren Kabukcu, Eleni Asouti: Report on the anthracological remains from Boncuklu Höyük, a 9th millennium cal BC site in the Konya Plain of south-central Anatolia, Turkey. In: Douglas Baird (Ed.): From foragers to farmers in central Anatolia; excavations at Boncuklu. Volume 1, British Institute in Ankara, London 2014.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Douglas Baird, The Late Epipaleolithic, Neolithic and Chalcolithic of the Anatolian Plateau, 13,000-4000 bc . In: Daniel T. Potts (Ed.), A Companion to the Archeology of the Ancient Near East. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2012, p. 440. doi : 10.1002 / 9781444360790.ch23
  2. ^ Benjamin S. Arbuckle, The late adoption of cattle and pig husbandry in Neolithic Central Turkey . Journal of Archaeological Science 40, 2013, p. 1805
  3. ^ Douglas Baird, The Boncuklu Project: the origins of sedentism, cultivation and herding in Central Anatolia . Anatolian Archeology 12, 2006, p. 14
  4. ↑ Mihriban Özbaşaran, The Neolithic of the Central Plateau. In: Sharon R. Steadman, Gregory McMahon (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia (10,000-323 BC). Oxford University Press, Oxford 2011, p. 104
  5. ↑ a b c d Douglas Baird, The Boncuklu Project: the origins of sedentism, cultivation and herding in Central Anatolia . Anatolian Archeology 12, 2006, p. 13
  6. ↑ a b c d Douglas Baird, The Boncuklu Project: the origins of sedentism, cultivation and herding in Central Anatolia . Anatolian Archeology 13, 2007, p. 15
  7. ^ A b Douglas Baird, The Boncuklu Project: the origins of sedentism, cultivation and herding in Central Anatolia . Anatolian Archeology 13, 2007, p. 16
  8. ↑ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/research/directory/boncuklu_hoyuk_martin
  9. ^ Benjamin S. Arbuckle, The late adoption of cattle and pig husbandry in Neolithic Central Turkey . Journal of Archaeological Science 40, 2013, p. 1809
  10. ↑ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/research/directory/boncuklu_hoyuk_martin
  11. ^ Douglas Baird, The Boncuklu Project: the origins of sedentism, cultivation and herding in Central Anatolia . Anatolian Archeology 12, 2006, pp. 13, 15
  12. ↑ Douglas Baird: The Late Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic of the Anatolian Plateau, 13,000-4000 bc . In: Daniel T. Potts (Ed.): A Companion to the Archeology of the Ancient Near East. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2012, p. 440. doi : 10.1002 / 9781444360790.ch23
  13. ↑ http://boncuklu.org/about-boncuklu/the-site/
  14. ↑ Douglas Baird, The Late Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic of the Anatolian Plateau, 13,000-4000 bc . In: Daniel T. Potts (Ed.), A Companion to the Archeology of the Ancient Near East. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2012, Figure 23.4. doi : 10.1002 / 9781444360790.ch23
  15. ↑ Douglas Baird, The Late Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic of the Anatolian Plateau, 13,000-4000 bc . In: Daniel T. Potts (Ed.), A Companion to the Archeology of the Ancient Near East. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2012, 449. doi : 10.1002 / 9781444360790.ch23
  16. ^ Douglas Baird, The Boncuklu Project: the origins of sedentism, cultivation and herding in Central Anatolia . Anatolian Archeology 12, 2006, pp. 13, 15
  17. ↑ Douglas Baird, The Late Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic of the Anatolian Plateau, 13,000-4000 bc . In: Daniel T. Potts (Ed.), A Companion to the Archeology of the Ancient Near East. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2012, p. 450. doi : 10.1002 / 9781444360790.ch23
  18. ↑ Douglas Baird, The Late Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic of the Anatolian Plateau, 13,000-4000 bc . In: Daniel T. Potts (Ed.), A Companion to the Archeology of the Ancient Near East. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2012, p. 452. doi : 10.1002 / 9781444360790.ch23
  19. ↑ Douglas Baird, The Late Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic of the Anatolian Plateau, 13,000-4000 bc . In: Daniel T. Potts (Ed.), A Companion to the Archeology of the Ancient Near East. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2012, p. 453. doi : 10.1002 / 9781444360790.ch23
  20. ^ Bleda S. Düring, The Prehistory of Asia Minor: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2010, p. 77
  21. ^ Douglas Baird, The Boncuklu Project: the origins of sedentism, cultivation and herding in Central Anatolia . Anatolian Archeology 12, 2006, first illustration on p. 15
  22. ↑ Barbara J. Mills, Regional network and religious sodalities at Çatalhöyük . In: Ian Hodder (ed.), Religion at work in a Neolithic society, vital matters. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2015, p. 163
  23. ^ Douglas Baird, The Boncuklu Project: the origins of sedentism, cultivation and herding in Central Anatolia . Anatolian Archeology 12, 2006, p. 14
  24. ↑ Douglas Baird, The Late Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic of the Anatolian Plateau, 13,000-4000 bc . In: Daniel T. Potts (Ed.), A Companion to the Archeology of the Ancient Near East. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2012, 435. doi : 10.1002 / 9781444360790.ch23
  25. ↑ Douglas Baird, The Late Epipaleolithic, Neolithic and Chalcolithic of the Anatolian Plateau, 13,000-4000 bc . In: Daniel T. Potts (Ed.), A Companion to the Archeology of the Ancient Near East. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2012, p. 433. doi : 10.1002 / 9781444360790.ch23
  26. ^ A b Douglas Baird, The Boncuklu Project: the origins of sedentism, cultivation and herding in Central Anatolia . Anatolian Archeology 12, 2006, p. 15
  27. ^ A b Douglas Baird, The Boncuklu Project: the origins of sedentism, cultivation and herding in Central Anatolia . Anatolian Archeology 12, 2006, p. 16
  28. ↑ Emma Baysal, Epipalaeolithic marine shells at Pınarbaşı . Anatolica 39, 2013, p. 269
  29. ^ Douglas Baird, The Boncuklu Project: the origins of sedentism, cultivation and herding in Central Anatolia . Anatolian Archeology 14, 2008, p. 12
  30. ^ Douglas Baird, The Boncuklu Project: the origins of sedentism, cultivation and herding in Central Anatolia . Anatolian Archeology 15, 2009, p. 11, fig.
  31. ↑ Karina Croucher, Death and Dying in the Neolithic Near East . Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012, p. 38
  32. ↑ Douglas Baird, The Late Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic of the Anatolian Plateau, 13,000-4000 bc . In: Daniel T. Potts (Ed.), A Companion to the Archeology of the Ancient Near East. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2012, 447. doi : 10.1002 / 9781444360790.ch23

Coordinates: 37 ° 45 ′ 6.6 "  N , 32 ° 51 ′ 53.2"  E