Brunei Civil War
The Brunei Civil War ( Indonesian Perang Saudara Brunei ; Digmaang Sibil sa Brunay ) was a civil war in the Brunei Empire from 1660 to 1673.
prehistory
The son of Sultan Muhammad Ali , Pengiran Muda Bungsu , killed the son of Pengiran Bendahara Hakkul Mubin (later Sultan), Pengiran Muda Alam, over a cockfight dispute . Beside himself with anger, the Pengiran Bendahara rushed to the Lapau to confront the Sultan. In addition to the Pengiran Bendahara , the concerned Prince Muda Bungsu was also present at the audience . Hakkul Mubin demanded justice from the Sultan as his son was not at fault. The Sultan then announced:
"O Pengiran Bendahara, if my son got killed, then the assailant will also get killed as his punishment. (German: "Oh Pengiran Bendahara, if my son was killed, the attacker will also be killed as a punishment." ) "
When the prince heard the Sultan's saying (titah) , he fled to the istana (palace). The righteous sultan allowed the Pengiran Bendahara to punish his own son. But Bendahara could not find the prince because he had escaped into the jungle . This made him uncontrollably angry and so he killed and injured numerous palace members. The Sultan, who feared that the Pengiran Bendahara would kill several more of his relatives, finally ordered him to kill himself. The Pengiran Bendahara agreed and the Sultan was brought out to a meadow and killed there with a garrote . He died on November 16, 1661. The Pengiran Bendahara Hakkul Mubin proclaimed himself Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin .
In order to calm down the supporters of his predecessor, he appointed the grandson (and son-in-law) of Muhammad Ali, Muhyiddin, as the new Bendahara (Chief Minister). However, the opponents were not so easy to calm down. They urged the Bendahara Muhyiddin to rebel against Abdul Mubin. At first Muhyddin hesitated. His followers began to cause unrest by attacking palaces and houses with spears. On the advice of Muhyiddin, Abdul Hakkul Mubin moved his palace to Pulau Chermin , an island at the mouth of the Brunei River, to sit out the crisis. After his move, however, Muhyiddin proclaimed himself the fifteenth sultan and a military conflict ensued.
Civil war
In the meantime, Abdul Mubin fled to Kinarut (in today's Papar , Sabah , Malaysia ), where he was able to fend off repeated attacks by Sultan Muhyiddin for ten years. Both returned to Brunei after Muhyiddin's forces failed to defeat Abdul Mubin in a final battle. Muhyiddin wanted to end the civil war and asked his relative, the Sultan of Sulu, for support and it is said that he had promised him the eastern part of Sabah as a reward. After Muhyiddin had entered into an alliance with the Sultanate of Sulu, the united troops began to encircle Abdul Hakkul Mubin on Pulau Chermin. The Bruneian troops Muhyiddin presented themselves available were after, Bukit Chendana added, they should cannons make ready the Pulau Chermin targeted. In the meantime Sulu's troops have been transferred to a position in the Brunei Sea near Pulau Kaingaran . During the Civil War, Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin was desperate, so much so that he even used the royal regalia such as the Sultanate's crown as ammunition . With it he fired at the troops from Sulu.
Pengiran Karma , possibly a general and relative of Muhyiddin, and the Sulu forces, led by Betara Sulu , were able to dock their ships at Pulau Chermin. They met the sultan in the mosque of Chermin, where he had taken refuge. The Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin begged for mercy, but was killed with the Garrotte or the Kris . According to the Silsilah Raja-Raja Berunai , the sultan was buried in Pulau Chermin. His property fell to Muhyiddin. As a reward for their support, the Sultanate of Sulu received the areas of Kimanis and parts of eastern Sabah as promised .
It is not clear to historians whether Muhyiddin requested Sulu's help. In any case, the Sultan of Sulu (Tausug) claimed that he had been asked for help by Brunei and had been promised the eastern part of Sabah as a reward. As promised, the Sultan of Sulu received the eastern part of Sabah as an honorary gift from the Sultan of Brunei. The North Borneo dispute between Malaysia and the Philippines , which is still smoldering in the population today, goes back to this donation .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing Our Past (Secondary 1) , ISBN 99917-2-330-7 , pp. 44-45.
- ^ History for Brunei Darussalam . EPB Pan Pacific, 2008, ISBN 99917-2-545-8 , p. 44.
- ↑ a b Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei (PDF) Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- ↑ PL Amin Sweeney: Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society , 1968 Vol. XLI, Pt. 2: Silsilah Raja-Raja Berunai. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: 57-58.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j P. L. Amin Sweeney: Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. XLI, Pt. 2: Silsilah Raja-Raja Berunai. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 1968: 64-65.
- ^ History for Brunei Darussalm . EPB Pan Pacific, 2008, ISBN 99917-2-545-8 , p. 44.
- ↑ History for Brunei Darussalam , ISBN 99917-2-545-8 , p. 108.
- ↑ royalarkbrunei .
- ^ A b Leigh R. Wright: Historical Notes on the North Borneo Dispute . In: The Journal of Asian Studies . 1966. doi : 10.2307 / 2052002 .
- ^ [1] Geoffrey Marston: International Law and the Sabah Dispute: A Postcript. In: Australian International Law Journal. 1967.