Bruneiian Empire

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The Bruneiian Empire or Empire of Brunei ( bruːˈnaɪ , also: Sultanate Brunei, Malay Negara Brunei , English Bruneian Empire , Arabic إمبراطورية بروناي) was a Malay sultanate , with the power center in Brunei , on the north coast of Borneo in Southeast Asia. The kingdom was founded in the early 7th century and was initially a small kingdom of seafaring traders ruled by indigenous pagans or Hindu kings, referred to in Chinese sources as "Po-Li" or "Po-Ni" (渤 泥) are designated. The rulers of Brunei converted to Islam around the 15th century , the period when the kingdom was at its greatest expansion and around the time of the Portuguese conquest of Malacca It stretched across the coastal regions of Borneo and the Philippines before beginning to disintegrate again in the 17th century.

government

The empire was ruled by sultans . There were three traditional forms of land ownership: Kerajaan (royal property) , Kuripan (public property), and Tulin (hereditary private property).

history

The history of the Bruneian Empire is difficult to reconstruct as it is rarely mentioned in contemporary sources and has left only a few traces. There are no local or indigenous sources telling the story. Only Chinese texts give indications by which the early history can be reconstructed. In the Chinese sources, “Boni” probably denotes the whole of Borneo, while Poli婆 利, possibly a place in Sumatra, is also claimed by the locals as a name for Brunei.

Emergence

The first diplomatic relations between Boni (渤 泥) and China are recorded in Taiping Huanyu Ji (太平 環宇 記, 978). In 1225, a Chinese official, Zhao Rugua , wrote that Boni had 100 warships to protect his trade and that the kingdom was very wealthy. In the 14th century Brunei appears to have been a vassal of Majapahit in Java . The Javanese manuscript Nagarakretagama of Prapanca (1365) mentions “Barune” as a vassal of Majapahit, who was obliged to pay an annual tribute of 40 Katis campers . In 1369 the Sultanate of Sulu Po-ni attacked and stole treasures and gold. A fleet from Majapahit was able to drive away the Sulu, but Po-ni was weakened after the attack. A Chinese report from 1371 describes Po-ni as poor and completely under the control of Majapahit.

expansion

A Chinese map by Zhu Xiling (1818) showing Hainan , Taiwan , Java , Brunei, Johor , Vietnam and Cambodia .

After the death of the ruler Hayam Wuruk , the kingdom of Majapahit fell apart and could no longer control its overseas possessions. This cleared the way for the rulers of Brunei to increase their influence. After taking office in 1403, the Chinese emperor of the Ming , Yongle , immediately sent envoys to numerous countries to invite them to send tribute to China. This included Brunei in the lucrative tribute system with China.

In the 15th century, the empire developed into a Muslim state when the King of Brunei converted to Islam. The religion was spread by Muslim Indians and Arab traders from the areas of maritime Southeast Asia. During this time the rulership stretched over a large part of northern Borneo and the state became an important trading center for the trading system between east and west. The Bruneiian empire developed into a thalassocracy comparable to its forerunners and competitors, the empires of Srivijaya , Majapahit and Malacca . The influence of the rulers was by and large limited to coastal cities, ports and estuaries, and only in isolated cases did power extend further inland. The Brunei rulers seem to have entered into alliances with the seafaring peoples of the Orang Laut and Bajau , who provided them with the fleet. The Dayak , a native tribe in the interior of Borneo, however, remained on their own, because the power was rarely stretched deep into the jungle.

After the fall of Malacca (from 1530), the Portuguese regularly did business with Brunei. There are descriptions in which it is said that the capital of Brunei is fortified by a stone wall. The earliest report in Western sources comes from the Italian Ludovico di Varthema . He was on his way to the Moluccas when he landed in Borneo and met people from the Sultanate of Brunei. His report dates back to 1550.

"" We arrived at the island of Bornei (Brunei or Borneo), which is distant from the Maluch about two hundred miles, and we found that it was somewhat larger than the aforesaid and much lower. The people are pagans and are men of goodwill. Their color is whiter than that of the other sort .... in this island justice is well administered ... ""

“We reached Bornei Island, which is about two hundred miles from Maluch , and we found that it was a lot bigger than predicted and with a lot more lowland. The people are heathen and good will. Their skin color is whiter than that of the other kind ... on this island the law is well applied ... "

During the reign of Sultan Bolkiah controlled the Sultanate coastal regions of northwestern Borneo (the present territory of Brunei, Sarawak and Sabah ) and handed to Seludong (present-day Manila ), to the Sulu archipelago and also included parts of the islands of Mindanao , a . In the 16th century the area of ​​influence extended to the delta of the Kapuas River in West Kalimantan . The Malay Sultanate of Sambas in West Kalimantan and the Sultanate of Sulu in the southern Philippines established dynastic relationships with the ruling house of Brunei. Other Malay sultans from Pontianak (Kesultanan Pontianak), Samarinda and up to Banjarmasin (Kasultanan Banjar, Kalimantan) regarded the Sultan of Brunei as primus inter pares . However, some of these states were simultaneously in different relationships of dependency: the Sultanate of Banjar (Banjarmasin), for example, was simultaneously under the influence of the Sultanate of Demak in Java.

Decay

Territorial losses of the Sultanate of Brunei from 1400 to 1890

From the end of the 17th century, the empire slowly disintegrated, partly due to internal power struggles that were fought out in the civil war of Brunei . In the civil war, the Sultan Abdul Mubin and his nephew and successor Muhyiddin fought each other , as a result of which part of Sabah had to be ceded to the Sultanate of Sulu. In addition, the Sultanate could do little to counter colonization by the European powers, and piracy became another burden. The sultanate lost much of its dominion: the Philippines to the Spaniards, South Borneo to the Dutch, and Labuan, Sarawak and North Borneo to the British. Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin made an attempt in 1888 to use diplomatic means to stop further British advance. In the same year they signed a "Treaty of Protection" and made Brunei a British protectorate until the sultanate regained its independence in 1984.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b P. M. Holt, Ann KS Lambton, Bernard Lewis: The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 2A, The Indian Sub-Continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim West . Cambridge University Press, 1977, ISBN 978-0-521-29137-8 .
  2. ^ Andaya Barbara Watson, Andaya Leonard Y .: A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400-1830 . Cambridge University Press, 2015, ISBN 978-0-521-88992-6 .
  3. ↑ a b c CIA Factbook: The World Factbook - Brunei . Central Intelligence Agency . 2017.
  4. ^ MSH McArthur, Report on Brunei in 1904: 102.
  5. ↑ Awang Mohd. Zain Jamil Al-Sufri: Tarsilah Brunei: The Early History of Brunei Up to 1432 AD . Department of Historical Center of Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports of Brunei Darussalam, 2000, ISBN 978-99917-34-03-3 .
  6. ↑ a b Johannes L. Kurz: Boni in Chinese Sources: Translations of Relevant Texts from the Song to the Qing Dynasties (PDF) In: Universiti Brunei Darussalam . National University of Singapore. 2014. Archived from the original on May 22, 2014.
  7. ^ A b c History for Brunei: History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past . Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education of Brunei Darussalam, 2009, ISBN 99917-2-372-2 .
  8. ↑ Suyatno: Naskah Nagarakretagama ( Indonesian ) National Library of Indonesia. 2008. Archived from the original on May 23, 2017. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved October 27, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / kelembagaan.pnri.go.id
  9. ↑ a b Awang Abdul Aziz Awang Juned: Islam di Brunei: zaman pemerintahan Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzuddin Waddaulah, Sultan dan Yang Di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam ( Malay ). Department of History of Brunei Darussalam, 1992.
  10. ^ A b Graham Saunders: A History of Brunei . Taylor & Francis, 2013, ISBN 978-1-136-87401-7 .
  11. ^ Oxford Business Group: The Report: Sabah . Oxford Business Group, 2011, ISBN 978-1-907065-36-1 .
  12. ^ Donald F. Lach: Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery. . University of Chicago Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-226-46732-0 .
  13. ^ Brunei Museum Journal: The Brunei Museum Journal . The Museum of Brunei Darussalam, 1986.
  14. ↑ Awang Mohd. Zain Jamil Al-Sufri: Tarsilah Brunei: sejarah awal dan perkembangan Islam ( Malay ). Department of Historical Center of Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports of Brunei Darussalam, 1990.
  15. ↑ Bilcher Bala: Thalassocracy: a history of the medieval Sultanate of Brunei Darussalam . School of Social Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 2005, ISBN 978-983-2643-74-6 .
  16. ↑ Patricia Herbert, Anthony Crothers Milner: South-East Asia: Languages ​​and Literatures: a Select Guide . University of Hawaii Press, 1989, ISBN 978-0-8248-1267-6 .
  17. ^ David Lea, Colette Milward: A Political Chronology of South-East Asia and Oceania . Psychology Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-85743-117-9 .
  18. ^ Nigel Hicks: The Philippines . New Holland Publishers, 2007, ISBN 978-1-84537-663-5 .
  19. ^ Peter Church: A Short History of South-East Asia . John Wiley & Sons, 2012, ISBN 978-1-118-35044-7 .
  20. ↑ Eur: The Far East and Australasia 2003 . Psychology Press, 2002, ISBN 978-1-85743-133-9 .
  21. ↑ a b Harun Abdul Majid: Rebellion in Brunei: The 1962 Revolt, Imperialism, Confrontation and Oil . IBTauris, 2007, ISBN 978-1-84511-423-7 .
  22. ^ Frans Welman: Borneo Trilogy Brunei , Volume 1. Booksmango, 2013, ISBN 978-616-222-235-1 .
  23. ↑ World Atlas: Brunei Darussalam . World Atlas. 2017.
  24. ↑ Jatswan S. Sidhu: Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam . Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8108-7078-9 .

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