Bucina
Bucina ( Latin , also buccina or buccinum , "horn, trumpet") referred to in the Roman Empire natural horns or natural trumpets that were used as military signaling instruments.
Roman sources
The term bucina was used by Marcus Valerius Probus as well as tuba as a collective term for brass instruments. More specifically, straight bronze trumpets were called tuba or lituus . According to Flavius Vegetius Renatus , the tuba is straight and the buccina is curved into a circle, while the cornu is made from the horn of the aurochs. Ovid already speaks in the Metamorphoses of a sinuous bucina, whereby the convolutions in his description correspond to those of a sea snail , the conch. The bucina was the instrument of the cavalry, as can be deduced from late Roman inscriptions. The bucinators were subordinate to the trumpeters ( tubicen ) and hornblowers ( cornicen ) in the ranking of the Roman legions . In the military, the bucina was used to announce the four night watches and other time signals.
Originally, according to Isidore of Seville ( Etymologiae , approx. 623) , the bucina is said to have been the Roman pastoral instrument and called the plebeians to assemblies. According to Marcus Terentius Varro , the Bucina is suitable for training pigs. It is more likely a snail horn or other animal horn instead of the military metal trumpet, although Günther Wille believes a connection between the shepherd's signal and the war signals is possible. John Ziolkowski suggests that the bucina was not a specific instrument, but a function of wind instruments in the Roman army.
Three specimens known as Bucina were found in Pompeii and are kept in the National Archaeological Museum of Naples .
Later uses of the name
Bucina is related to the Arabic word būq , which in the Middle Ages generally stood for conical trumpets and was also passed down in the Georgian metal trumpet buki . From the bucina the name of the trombone developed via old French buisine and Middle High German busine , as can be seen from Vegetius translations from the Renaissance period : "Bucina is the trummet the landlord moved in" (Augsburg 1534). The busine ( buisine ) was a long trumpet that was mentioned in French scripts from the 12th century along with the pair of beaker drums, naqqara . The Romanian bucium is a long wooden trumpet corresponding to the Ukrainian trembita .
Hector Berlioz asked for an instrument called a Buccin for his mass solennelle in 1824 . This is a tenor trombone with a redesigned for Animal Head bell that was used in French military bands from about 1,810 to 1,845.
In the finale of the symphonic poem Pini di Roma (1924), Ottorino Respighi used copied Roman bucines. In addition, Riccardo Zandonai uses Bucinen for incidental music in his opera Francesca da Rimini .
literature
- Bucina and Cornu. In: Anthony Baines: Lexicon of Musical Instruments. JB Metzler, Stuttgart 2005, p. 40f
- James W. McKinnon: Buccina. In: Grove Music Online, 2001
- Buccina. In: Sibyl Marcuse : Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary. A complete, authoritative encyclopedia of instruments throughout the world . Country Life Limited, London 1966, p. 68
- John Ziolkowski: The Roman Bucina: A Distinct Musical Instrument? In: Historic Brass Society Journal, Vol. 14, 2002, pp. 31-58
Individual evidence
- ↑ "inter tubam et tubos hoc interest, quod tubam symphoniae bucinam significat, at vero qui tubos Teal mittunt esse demonstrat". Prob. GL 4, 201, 11f. (Basically: "The sounding tuba means Bucina, while Tubi are water pipes.")
- ^ "Tuba quae directa est appellatur; bucina quae in semet aereo circulo flectitur […] “Vegetius: Epitoma rei militaris , III, V
- ↑ "cava bucina sumitur illi, tortilis in latum quae turbine crescit from imo [...]" Ovid: Deucalion and Pyrrha , 1, 335th
- ^ Günther Wille: Musica romana. The importance of music in the life of the Romans , Amsterdam: Schippers 1967, p. 99.
- ↑ "nam pagam agrestesque ad omnem usum bucina ad conpita convocabantur: proprie ergo hoc agrestibus signum fuit." Isid. orig. 18,4,1, after Günther Wille: Musica romana. The importance of music in the life of the Romans , Amsterdam: Schippers 1967, p. 97.
- ↑ "The bucina may have started out as an animal horn but it seems unlikely that an army bugler would have performed his duties on a cowhorn (or conch shell)." John Ziolkowski: The Roman Bucina: A Distinct Musical Instrument? , in: Historic Brass Society Journal 14: 2002, pp. 31–58, here p. 52.
- ^ Günther Wille: Musica romana. The importance of music in the life of the Romans , Amsterdam: Schippers 1967, p. 111.
- ↑ "From our investigation, it appears that the bucinator performed certain duties by playing recognizable calls on whatever instrument he had handy: tuba , cornu , lituus or even a cowhorn." John Ziolkowski: The Roman Bucina: A Distinct Musical Instrument? , in: Historic Brass Society Journal 14: 2002, pp. 31–58, here p. 54.