Centrosaurinae

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Centrosaurinae
Styracosaurus, live reconstruction

Styracosaurus , live reconstruction

Temporal occurrence
Upper Cretaceous ( Campanium to Lower Maastrichtian )
83.6 to 71 million years
Locations
  • western North America
  • People's Republic of China ( Sinoceratops only )
Systematics
Cerapoda
Marginocephalia
Ceratopsia
Neoceratopsia
Ceratopsidae
Centrosaurinae
Scientific name
Centrosaurinae
Lambe , 1915

The Centrosaurinae are a taxon (systematic group) of the dinosaurs . Together with the Chasmosaurinae they form the group of the Ceratopsidae within the Ceratopsia .

features

Typical of the Centrosaurinae (here the skull of Centrosaurus ) is the long nasal horn, the missing outer eye horns and the spiky ossification on the edge of the relatively short neck shield.

The Centrosaurinae have the usual build of the Ceratopsidae. They were rather clumsy animals with stocky limbs that moved quadruped (on all fours). The hind legs were significantly longer than the front legs.

The skull was large and massive and had a pointed muzzle. As with all Ceratopsia, this was formed from the rostral bone (in front of the upper jaw) and the predentals (in front of the lower jaw). The rostral bone in the Centrosaurinae was approximately triangular laterally (viewed from the side). As with all Ceratopsidae, the dentition consisted of tooth batteries, these are teeth arranged in rows, which were replaced by the following tooth when they were worn out.

The most noticeable differences to the Chasmosaurinae were the horns and the neck shield. The nasal horn was elongated (it could be up to 50 centimeters in Styracosaurus ), the outer horns, however, were smaller or even missing completely. The neck shield, which, like all higher Ceratopsia, was formed from the parietal and scaled bones , was relatively short - its length is at most 70% of the length of the actual skull. (However, there are also representatives of the Chasmosaurinae with a (subsequently) shortened neck shield such as Triceratops .) The outer edge of the shield is covered with undulating ossifications, which are called Epoccipitalia . In some species, the Epoccipitalia developed into spine-like structures that could also be directed forward.

Distribution and systematics

Centrosaurus

Like all Ceratopsidae, the Centrosaurinae were mainly restricted to western North America , which was separated from the rest of the continent by a sea in the Cretaceous Period. The only known exception is the Sinoceratops , which was only described in 2010 and found in what is now China .

Fossil remains of this group of dinosaurs are only known from the Campanian and the lowest Maastrichtian and are therefore 83 to 71 million years old. The Centrosaurinae became extinct about 71 million years ago, million years before their sister group , the Chasmosaurinae , which survived until the end of the Cretaceous Period.

  Ceratopidae  

 Chasmosaurinae


  Centrosaurinae  

 Diabloceratops


   


 Nasutoceratops


   

 Avaceratops



   

 Xenoceratops


   

 Albertaceratops


   

 Wendiceratops


   

 Sinoceratops



   



 Coronosaurus


   

 Centrosaurus


   

 Spinops




   

 Rubeosaurus


   

 Styracosaurus




   

 Einiosaurus


   

 Achelousaurus


   

 Pachyrhinosaurus





Template: Klade / Maintenance / 3





Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style
Systematic position of Avaceratops according to Evans & Ryan (2015).

In 2015, the family tree of the Centrosaurinae was revised by Evans & Ryan (2015) on the occasion of the first description of the Wendiceratops found in Canada . Accordingly, Diabloceratops is the most basal genus and the sister taxon of all other known Centrosaurinae, followed by a common taxon from Nasutoceratops and Avaceratops . In a phylogenetic analysis in 2012, Xenoceratops was considered the most basal genus of the Centrosaurinae and compared to all other known genera including the Diabloceratops .

The following genera are counted among the Centrosaurinae:

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Brown et al. A New Horned Dinosaur Reveals Convergent Evolution in Cranial Ornamentation in Ceratopsidae . Current Biology, 2015 DOI: 10.1016 / j.cub.2015.04.041
  2. ↑ a b Xing Xu , KeBai Wang, XiJin Zhao , DunJing Li: First ceratopsid dinosaur from China and its biogeographical implications. In: Chinese Science Bulletin. Vol. 55, No. 16, 2010, ISSN  1001-6538 , pp. 1631-1635, doi : 10.1007 / s11434-009-3614-5 .
  3. ↑ David C. Evans , Michael J. Ryan : Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. Et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation. PLOS ONE 10 (7): e0130007. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0130007 .
  4. ↑ Michael J. Ryan, David C. Evans, Kieran M. Shepherd: A New Ceratopsid from the Foremost Formation (Middle Campanian) of Alberta. In: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , Vol. 49, No. 11, 2012, ISSN  0008-4077 , pp. 1251-1262, doi : 10.1139 / e2012-056 .
  5. ↑ Sebastian G. Dalman, John-Paul M. Hodnett, Asher J. Lichtig and Spencer G. Lucas. 2018. A New Ceratopsid Dinosaur (Centrosaurinae: Nasutoceratopsini) from the Fort Crittenden Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) of Arizona. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 79: 141-164.
  6. ↑ James I. Kirkland , Donald D. DeBlieux: New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. In: Michael J. Ryan, Brenda J. Chinnery-Allgeier, David A. Eberth (Eds.): New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs. The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington IN et al. 2010, ISBN 978-0-253-35358-0 , pp. 117-140.
  7. ↑ Eric K. Lund, Patrick M. O'Connor, Mark A. Loewen, Zubair A. Jinnah. A New Centrosaurine Ceratopsid, Machairoceratops cronusi gen et sp. nov., from the Upper Sand Member of the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Southern Utah. PLOS ONE, 2016; 11 (5): e0154403 DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0154403
  8. ↑ Scott D. Sampson, Eric K. Lund, Mark A. Loewen, Andrew A. Farke, Katherine E. Clayton: A remarkable short-snouted horned dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) of southern Laramidia. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences. Vol. 280, No. 1766, 2013, ISSN  0950-1193 , pp. 1–7, doi : 10.1098 / rspb.2013.1186 .
  9. ^ Andrew T. McDonald, John R. Horner : New Material of "Styracosaurus" ovatus from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana. In: Michael J. Ryan, Brenda J. Chinnery-Allgeier, David A. Eberth (Eds.): New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs. The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington IN et al. 2010, ISBN 978-0-253-35358-0 , pp. 156-168.
  10. ↑ Andrew A. Farke, Michael J. Ryan, Paul M. Barrett , Darren H. Tanke, Dennis R. Braman, Mark A. Loewen, Mark R. Graham: A new centrosaurine from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and the evolution of parietal ornamentation in horned dinosaurs. In: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. Vol. 56, No. 4, 2011, ISSN  0567-7920 , pp. 691-702, doi : 10.4202 / app.2010.0121 .
  11. ↑ John P. Wilson, Michael J. Ryan, and David C. Evans. 2020. A New, Transitional Centrosaurine Ceratopsid from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana and the Evolution of the 'Styracosaurus-line' Dinosaurs. Royal Society Open Science. DOI: 10.1098 / rsos.200284
  12. ↑ David C. Evans, Michael J. Ryan. Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. Et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation. PLOS ONE, 2015; 10 (7): e0130007 DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0130007
  13. ^ Héctor E. Rivera-Sylva, Eberhard Frey , Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, José Rubén Guzmán-Gutiérrez and Arturo H. González-Gonzáleza. 2017. Mexican Ceratopsids: Considerations on their Diversity and Evolution. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. Volume 75, April 2017. DOI: 10.1016 / j.jsames.2017.01.008

Web links

Commons : Centrosaurinae  - collection of images, videos and audio files