Chinese striped turtle

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Chinese striped turtle
Chinese striped turtle (Mauremys sinensis)

Chinese striped turtle ( Mauremys sinensis )

Systematics
Order : Turtles (Testudines)
Subordination : Halsberger turtles (Cryptodira)
Family : Old World pond turtles (Geoemydidae)
Subfamily : Geoemydinae
Genre : Brook turtles ( Mauremys )
Type : Chinese striped turtle
Scientific name
Mauremys sinensis
( Gray , 1834)

The Chinese striped turtle ( Mauremys sinensis ) is a species of river turtle . It is threatened with extinction in its natural range.

Synonyms include Emys sinensis , Ocadia sinensis and Emys bennettii .

features

The Chinese striped turtle can reach a shell length of up to 27 centimeters, with males remaining smaller with a maximum of 20 centimeters. The back armor is dark olive to reddish brown in color and can have a vertebral keel and - especially in young animals - narrow yellow borders around the dark horned shields. The vertebral shields are about as wide as they are long or slightly wider than they are long; the first is approximately square, the second to fourth six-sided and the fifth rounded at the front and three-sided at the back. The plastron is yellowish and usually shows a dark spot on each horn shield. On the extremities and head, narrow, cream-colored to yellow stripes alternate with brownish-black. The Chinese striped turtle is webbed between its toes .

nutrition

The Chinese striped turtle is omnivorous , with females consuming a higher proportion of plant-based food than males. In Taiwan, disruptions to their nutritional basics due to dam building and the straightening of a river resulted in female Chinese striped turtles eating a large number of different plants, such as leaves of Wedelia trilobata and Solanum nigrum, as well as various sweet grasses , instead of the previously preferred leaves of Murdannia keisak ; the males, who had mainly fed on two-winged larvae and a smaller proportion of Murdannia keisak , also turned to a plant-based diet.

way of life

The turtle stands at the edge of a water surface and stretches its head upwards. Narrow black stripes alternate with light stripes on their head and neck. One of its front legs rests on a root, it shows the same stripes and strong claws. The back armor of the turtle is uniformly gray-brown in color and wet in places. The environment is humid and plant stalks can be seen behind the turtle.
Chinese striped turtle in the Dählhölzli zoo

In captivity, the Chinese striped turtle reaches sexual maturity at around four years of age. A clutch can contain two to 20 eggs. The Chinese striped turtle shows a temperature-dependent sex determination : at an incubation temperature of 25 ° C significantly more males hatch, at higher temperatures the proportion of females increases and at 33 ° C only females hatch. The optimal temperature is between 28 and 30 ° C.

The Chinese striped turtle lives in and around fresh water, especially in stagnant or very slowly flowing water or wetlands in the lowlands, possibly up to 300 meters above sea level . It uses ponds, pools, streams, flooded rice fields and ditches.

distribution

The Chinese striped turtle is found in subtropical to tropical areas of Taiwan, southern China's coastal areas including Hainan , Laos and Vietnam. In Taiwan, the Chinese striped turtle was the most common and most widespread freshwater turtle in trap studies from 2001 to 2007, albeit with a disproportionately large number of males and presumably small population sizes; it is also bred there and released as a prayer animal in traditional rituals. In China, it is bred for consumption, medicinal purposes, and the pet trade; In 2001, Chinese turtle farms sold over 1,800,000 specimens of this species. In Vietnam, it is bred in 52 registered farms. The populations in Vietnam have been severely decimated and are distributed over fragmented wetlands, with hardly any adult animals to be found.

The Chinese striped turtle was introduced by humans to South Korea, Hong Kong, Micronesia and Florida; individual observations are also known from Portugal, Spain, Italy, Poland and La Réunion . In Slovakia, the overwintering of a female was found, in Italy the reproduction on site could even be proven by the discovery of a hatchling. It can also multiply under the natural environmental conditions in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Between 2005 and 2015, almost 400,000 Chinese striped turtles were traded internationally, most of them from China; the main importing country was Germany with 165,000 animals.

Danger

The Chinese striped turtle is now critically endangered due to commercial use and habitat destruction . Lowland wetlands are increasingly being converted into agricultural areas and are therefore being lost as living space. Since 2005 it has also been listed in Appendix III (China) of the Washington Convention on the Protection of Species .

Research history

Here you can see two black and white photographs. They show a bone plate from above and below. It has various structures, e.g. B. Cracks and pits.
Fossil from Taiwan described as Ocadia sinensis changwui

The Chinese striped turtle was first described in 1834 by John Edward Gray as Emys sinensis . In 1844 he described it using a museum specimen as Emys bennettii and wrongly suspected the distribution area in North America. Albert Günther noticed in 1864 that the species described by Gray belong together.

From 1870, the Chinese striped turtle was assigned to the genus Ocadia , which was integrated into the genus Mauremys in 2004 after genetic studies . The Chinese striped turtle forms a monophyletic group along with the Japanese pond turtle , the Chinese red-necked turtle and the Chinese three-keeled turtle .

Other synonyms are Graptemys sinensis , Clemmys sinensis and Ocadia sinensis sinensis and Clemmys bennettii . In addition, part of the Chinese three-keeled turtle one as Testudo anyangensis † Ping 1930: 217 (synonyms: Ocadia anyangensis , Pseudocadia anyangensis and Mauremys anyangensis ) described Neolithic subfossil from China and one as Ocadia sinensis changwui † Tao 1988: 229 described fossil from the Late Pleistocene of Taiwan.

Hybridization

The Chinese striped turtle can form hybrids with several other turtle species , including the Chinese red-necked turtle , Chinese three-keeled turtle (paternal or maternal), and Japanese pond turtle , Annam brook turtle - as Ocadia glyphistoma , a hybrid between a male Chinese barred turtle and a female Annam brook turtle was created in 2004 Spinks et al. described - and Cyclemys shanensis . Philip's banded turtle , described as Ocadia philippeni by McCord and Iverson in 1992, is a hybrid between the Chinese banded turtle and Cuora trifasciata . In 2020, captive hybrids between the Chinese striped turtle and the Moorish brook turtle were reported for the first time .

literature

  • Anders GJ Rhodin, John B. Iverson, Roger Bour, Uwe Fritz, Arthur Georges, H. Bradley Shaffer and Peter Paul van Dijk: Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed .) (=  Chelonian Research Monographs . Volume 8 ). 2021, p. 236–237 (English, online [PDF; 42.1 MB ]).

Web links

Commons : Chinese Striped Turtle  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Friedrich Siebenrock : Turtles of the eastern rear India . In: Meeting reports of the Academy of Sciences in Vienna. Mathematics and science class . tape 112 , no. 1 , 1903, p. 334-335 ( digitized ).
  2. ^ A b Peter Dollinger: Chinese striped turtle. In: Zoo animal lexicon. October 16, 2020, accessed November 6, 2021 .
  3. ^ Tien-Hsi Chen and Kuang-Yang Lue: Changes in the Population Structure and Diet of the Chinese Stripe-Necked Turtle (Mauremys sinensis) Inhabiting a Disturbed River in Northern Taiwan . In: Zoological Studies . tape 48 , no. 1 , 2009, p. 95–105 (English, online [PDF; 438 kB ]).
  4. ↑ Yin-yan Rong, Lan Ling, Li-rong Fu and Hai-tao Shi: Effects of Temperature on Incubation and Sexual Determination in Turtle Mauremys sinensis . 2014 (Chinese, English, online ).
  5. ↑ Wei-Guo Du, Lei Wang and Jian-Wei Shen: Optimal temperatures for egg incubation in two Geoemydid turtles: Ocadia sinensis and Mauremys mutica . In: Aquaculture . tape 305 , 2010, p. 138-142 , doi : 10.1016 / j.aquaculture.2010.03.032 (English).
  6. ^ Karl Patterson Schmidt : The reptiles of Hainan . In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . tape 54 , 1927, pp. 395, 402-403 (English, online ).
  7. ^ Loi Duc Duong, Chung Dac Ngo and Truong Quang Nguyen: New records of turtles from Binh Dinh Province, Vietnam . In: Herpetology Notes . tape 7 , 2014, p. 741-742 (English, online ).
  8. ^ Tien-Hsi Chen and Kuang-Yang Lue: Population status and distribution of freshwater turtles in Taiwan . In: Oryx . tape 44 , no. 2 , 2010, p. 261–266 , doi : 10.1017 / S0030605310000013 (English).
  9. ↑ Shi Haitao, James F. Parham, Fan Zhiyong, Hong Meiling and Yin Feng: Evidence for the massive scale of turtle farming in China . In: Oryx . tape 42 , no. 1 , 2008, p. 147–150 , doi : 10.1017 / S0030605308000562 (English).
  10. ↑ Philjae Kim, Sujung Yeun, Hyeonju An, Su Hwan Kim and Hyohyemi Lee: Breeding Status and Management System Improvement of Pseudemys concinna and Mauremys sinensis Designated as Invasive Alien Turtles in South Korea . In: Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure . tape 7 , no. 4 , 2020, p. 388–395 , doi : 10.17820 / eri.2020.7.4.388 (English, Korean).
  11. ↑ Dale R. Jackson: The Chinese Stripe-necked Turtle (Mauremys sinensis [Gray, 1834]) (Geoemydidae), Another Introduced Turtle Species in Florida . In: IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians . tape 19 , no. 1 , 2012, p. 67–68 (English, online [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
  12. ↑ Juan Pablo González de la Vega, Juan García-de-Lomas and José Luis Rodríguez-Andrés: New records of the Chinese turtles Mauremys reevesii (Gray, 1831) and Mauremys sinensis (Gray, 1834) (Testudines, Geoemydidae) in southern Spain . In: Graellsia . tape 77 , no. 2 , 2021, doi : 10.3989 / graellsia.2021.v77.306 (English, Spanish).
  13. ↑ David Campos-Such, Marta Miñarro and Luis Valls: Localización de un ejemplar asilvestrado de Mauremys sinensis en la Comunidad Valenciana . In: Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Española . tape 27 , no. 1 , 2016, p. 97–99 (Spanish, online [PDF; 203 kB ]).
  14. ↑ Vincenzo Ferri, Corrado Battisti, Christiana Soccini and Riccardo Santoro: A hotspot of xenodiversity: First evidence of an assemblage of non-native freshwater turtles in a suburban wetland in Central Italy . In: Lakes & Reservoirs . tape 25 , no. 2 , 2020, p. 250-257 , doi : 10.1111 / lre.12311 (English).
  15. ^ Jean-Michel Probst and Mickaël Sanchez: L'Émyde de Chine Mauremys sinensis (Gray, 1834) (Testudines: Geoemydidae), une tortue aquatique naturalisée à La Réunion? In: Bulletin Phaethon . tape 33 , 2013, p. 55–56 (French, online [PDF; 274 kB ]).
  16. ↑ Daniel Jablonski, Daniel and Jana Gruľa Christophoryová: First record of Mauremys sinensis (Gray, 1834) and its natural overwintering in Central Europe . In: Herpetology Notes . tape 11 , 2018, p. 949-951 (English, online ).
  17. ↑ Laura Di Blasio, Riccardo Santoro, Vincenzo Ferri, Corrado Battisti, Christiana Soccini, Alessandro Egidi and Massimiliano Scalici: First successful reproduction of the Chinese striped-necked turtle Mauremys sinensis (Gray, 1834) in a European wetland . In: BioInvasions Records . tape 10 , no. 3 , 2021, pp. 721–729 , doi : 10.3391 / bir.2021.10.3.22 (English).
  18. ↑ Albert Martínez-Silvestre, Joaquim Soler and Juan Miguel Cano: Adaptación y reproducción de Mauremys sinensis a las condiciones naturales del nordeste de la península ibérica . In: Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Española . tape 30 , no. 1 , 2019, p. 75–78 (Spanish, online [PDF; 397 kB ]).
  19. ↑ P. Li, D.-Q. Rao and L. Wang: Mauremys sinensis. In: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2021 .
  20. ↑ John Edward Gray : Characters of several new species of freshwater tortoises (Emys) from India and China . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . 1834, p. 53 (English, digitized ).
  21. ^ John Edward Gray: Catalog of the tortoises, crocodiles, and amphisbænians, in the collection of the British Museum . London 1844, p. 21 (English, digitized ).
  22. ^ Albert Günther : The reptiles of British India . London 1864, p. 27–28 (English, digitized ).
  23. ↑ Chris R. Feldman and James F. Parham: Molecular Systematics of Old World Stripe-Necked Turtles (Testudines: Mauremys) . In: Asiatic Herpetological Research . tape 10 , 2004, p. 31 (English, online [PDF; 939 kB ]).
  24. ↑ Anders GJ Rhodin, John B. Iverson, Roger Bour, Uwe Fritz, Arthur Georges, H. Bradley Shaffer and Peter Paul van Dijk: Turtles of the World, 8th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with Maps, and Conservation Status . In: Chelonian Research Monographs . tape 7 , 2017, p. 106–107 (English, online [PDF; 213.0 MB ]).
  25. ↑ Ben Anders and John B. Iverson: Mauremys nigricans (Gray 1834) - Red-Necked Pond Turtle, Chinese Red-Necked Turtle, Kwangtung River Turtle, Black-Necked Pond Turtle . In: Chelonian Research Monographs . tape 5 , 2012, p. 068.6 , doi : 10.3854 / crm.5.068.nigricans.v1.2012 (English).
  26. ↑ Jonathan J. Fong and Tien-Hsi Chen: DNA evidence for the hybridization of wild turtles in Taiwan: possible genetic pollution from trade animals . In: Conservation Genetics . tape 11 , 2010, p. 2063 , doi : 10.1007 / s10592-010-0066-z (English).
  27. ↑ Maik Schilde, Dana Barth and Uwe Fritz: An Ocadia sinensis x Cyclemys shanensis hybrid (Testudines: Geoemydidae) . In: Asiatic Herpetological Research . tape 10 , 2004, p. 120–125 (English, digitized ).
  28. ↑ Xingquan Xia, Ling Wang, Liuwang Nie, Zhengfeng Huang, Yuan Jiang, Wanxing Jing and Luo Liu: Interspecific hybridization between Mauremys reevesii and Mauremys sinensis: Evidence from morphology and DNA sequence data . In: African Journal of Biotechnology . tape 10 , no. 35 , 2011, p. 6717 (English, online ).
  29. ↑ Bryan L. Stuart and James F. Parham: Recent hybrid origin of three rare Chinese turtles . In: Conservation Genetics . tape 8 , 2007, p. 169–175 , doi : 10.1007 / s10592-006-9159-0 (English).
  30. ↑ Vicente Sancho, Ignacio Lacomba, José V. Bataller, Joana Veríssimo and Guillermo Velo-Antón: First report of hybridization between Mauremys leprosa and Mauremys sinensis highlights the risk of exotic Mauremys spp. pet trade . In: Basic and Applied Herpetology . tape 34 , 2020, p. 75–81 , doi : 10.11160 / bah.186 (English).