Old world pond turtles

Old world pond turtles
Amboina hinged turtle ( Cuora amboinensis )
Systematics
without rank: Amniotes (Amniota) without rank: Sauropsida Order : Turtles (Testudinata) Subordination : Halsberger tortoises (Cryptodira) Superfamily : Terrapins and tortoises (Testudinoidea) Family : Old world pond turtles
Scientific name
Geoemydidae
Theobald , 1868

Western Caspian Tortoise ( Mauremys rivulata )

The Old World pond turtles (Geoemydidae) are a family of the suborder Halsberger turtles (Cryptodira).

distribution

The vast majority of Old World pond turtles live in Asia and Europe, the "Old World". There is one exception, however, the American terrapins ( Rhinoclemmys ) come from Central and Northern South America . The other genera come from Asia with Japan and the main distribution area Southeast Asia . European species are the Spanish Turtle ( Mauremys leprosa ) located on the Iberian Peninsula , and in the Maghreb lives and the Caspian turtle ( Mauremys caspica ) located on the southern Balkans , in Turkey , the Caucasus and the Middle East as far as Turkmenistan lives .

Way of life

Pond turtles lead an aquatic, water-bound life. Smaller species mostly inhabit small bodies of water and are worse swimmers. Large species like the Batagur turtle ( Batagur baska ) and the Callagur turtle ( Batagur borneoensis ) swim better, live in rivers, also go into the brackish water and migrate along the coasts to lay their eggs on the beaches together with sea ​​turtles . The Asiatic and American terrestrial tortoises, the temple tortoise, and the hinged tortoises are very terrestrial.

nutrition

Young old world pond turtles are mostly carnivorous . With increasing age, plant-based food is often added, especially in the Asian and American tortoises and other large species.

Systematics

Callagur tortoise ( Batagur borneoensis ) female

Assam roof turtle ( Pangshura sylhetensis )

Golden-headed hinged turtle ( Cuora aurocapitata )

Hind Indian hinged turtle
( Cuora galbinifrons)

Indomalayan leaf turtle ( Cyclemys dentata )

Chinese three-keeled tortoise ( Mauremys reevesii )

Eastern Mediterranean brook turtle
( Mauremys rivulata )

Chinese striped turtle ( Ocadia sinensis ) or ( Mauremys sinensis )

Vietnamese peacock pond turtle ( Sacalia quadriocellata )

Great Earth Tortoise ( Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima )

The Old World pond turtles differ in the structure of the shell and the skull from the New World pond turtles (Emydidae), but were still counted among them until 1964 and separated as the subfamily Batagurinae, but later recognized as a separate family, whereby the name Bataguridae for reasons of priority Geoemydidae was replaced. There are about 70 species , which were initially divided into the two subfamilies Geoemydinae and Batagurinae, not to be confused with the name from the 1960s. In this case, the subfamily were the genera Batagurinae Batagur , Geoclemys , Hard Ella , Malayemys , Morenia , Orlitia and Pangshura assigned and the subfamily Geoemydinae the genera Cuora , Cyclemys , Geoemyda , Heosemys , Leucocephalon , Mauremys , Melanochelys , Notochelys , Rhinoclemmys , Sacalia , Siebenrockiella and Vijayachelys . This subdivision was mainly based on species with narrow jaws (Geoemydinae) and species with broad jaws (Batagurinae). Later genetic investigations came to the conclusion that the Batagurinae is embedded in the Geoemydinae and the genus Rhinoclemmys is opposite to all other Old World pond turtles, so from then on only the two subfamilies Rhinoclemmydinae and Geoemydinae were distinguished.

The family of the Old World terrapins consists of two subfamilies:

• Subfamily Geoemydinae Gray, 1870
  • Genus Batagur Gray, 1856 (including Callagur and Kachuga )
    • Southern Batagur tortoise ( Batagur affinis (Cantor, 1847))
    • Batagur turtle ( Batagur baska (Gray, 1831))
    • Callagur tortoise ( Batagur borneoensis (Schlegel & Müller, 1844), Syn .: Callagur borneoensis )
    • Three-lined river turtle ( Batagur dhongoka (Gray, 1834), Syn .: Kachuga dhongok )
    • Bengali river turtle ( Batagur kachuga (Gray, 1831), Syn .: Kachuga kachuga )
    • Burmese roof turtle ( Batagur trivittata (Duméril & Bibron, 1835), Syn .: Kachuga trivittata )
  • Genus Geoclemys Gray, 1856
    • Radiant three- keeled turtle ( Geoclemys hamiltonii (Gray, 1831))
  • Genus Hardella Gray, 1870
    • Diademed tortoise ( Hardella thurjii (Gray, 1831))
  • Genus Malayemys Lindholm, 1931
    • Malayemys isan Sumontha, Brophy, Kunya, Wiboonatthapol & Pauwels, 2016
    • Western Malaysian pond turtle ( Malayemys macrocephala (Gray, 1859))
    • Malay pond turtle ( Malayemys subtrijuga (Schweigger, 1812))
  • Genus peacock turtles ( Morenia Gray, 1870)
    • Hind Indian peacock turtle ( Morenia ocellata (Duméril & Bibron, 1835))
    • Front Indian peacock turtle ( Morenia petersi (Anderson, 1879))
  • Genus Orlitia Gray, 1873
    • Borneo river turtle ( Orlitia borneensis Gray, 1873)
  • Genus roof turtles ( Pangshura Gray, 1856)
    • Brown roof turtle ( Pangshura smithii (Gray, 1863))
    • Assam roof turtle ( Pangshura sylhetensis Jerdon, 1870)
    • Indian roof turtle ( Pangshura tecta (Gray, 1831))
    • Indian tent turtle ( Pangshura tentoria (Gray, 1834))
  • Genus hinged tortoises ( Cuora Gray, 1856) (including hybrids)
    • Amboina hinged turtle ( Cuora amboinensis (Daudin, 1802))
    • Golden-headed hinged turtle ( Cuora aurocapitata Luo & Zong, 1988)
    • Central Vietnamese hinged turtle ( Cuora bourreti Obst & Reimann, 1994)
    • Yellow- necked tortoise ( Cuora flavomarginata (Gray, 1863))
    • Hind Indian hinged turtle ( Cuora galbinifrons Bourret, 1939)
    • McCord's hinged turtle ( Cuora mccordi Ernst, 1988)
    • Three- keeled hinged turtle ( Cuora mouhotii (Gray, 1862))
    • Pan's hinged turtle ( Cuora pani Song, 1984)
    • South Vietnamese hinged turtle ( Cuora picturata Lehr, Fritz & Obst, 1998)
    • Chinese three-lined hinge turtle ( Cuora trifasciata (Bell, 1825), Syn .: Cuora cyclornata )
    • Sawn hinged turtle ( "Cuora" × serrata Iverson & McCord, 1992) (hybrid of Cuora mouhotii & Cuora galbinifrons )
    • Yunnan hinged turtle ( Cuora yunnanensis (Boulenger, 1906))
    • Zhou's hinged turtle ( Cuora zhoui Zhao, Zhou & Ye, 1990)
  • Genus leaf turtles ( Cyclemys Bell, 1834)
    • Striped leaf turtle ( Cyclemys atripons Iverson & McCord, 1997)
    • Indomalayan leaf turtle ( Cyclemys dentata (Gray, 1831))
    • Enigma leaf turtle ( Cyclemys enigmatica Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink & Hundsdörfer, 2008)
    • Cyclemys fusca Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink & Hundsdörfer, 2008
    • Cyclemys gemeli Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink & Hundsdörfer, 2008
    • Oldham's leaf turtle ( Cyclemys oldhami Gray, 1863, Syn .: Cyclemys tcheponensis )
    • Vietnamese leaf turtle ( Cyclemys pulchristriata Fritz, Gaulke & Lehr, 1997)
  • Genus pointed terrestrial tortoises ( Geoemyda Gray, 1834)
    • Japanese pointed earth turtle ( Geoemyda japonica fan, 1931)
    • Chinese pointed earth turtle ( Geoemyda spengleri (Gmelin, 1789))
  • Genus Asiatic terrapins ( Heosemys Gray, 1870)
    • Temple tortoise ( Heosemys annandalii (Boulenger, 1903))
    • Flat earth turtle ( Heosemys depressa (Anderson, 1875))
    • Giant Earth Turtle ( Heosemys grandis (Gray, 1860))
    • Spiny turtle ( Heosemys spinosa (Gray, 1831))
  • Genus Leucocephalon McCord, Iverson, Spinks & Shaffer, 2000
    • Sulawesi earth turtle ( Leucocephalon yuwonoi (McCord, Iverson & Boeadi, 1995))
  • Genus brook turtles ( Mauremys Gray, 1869) (including Cathaiemys , Chinemys , Ocadia , & hybrids)
    • Annam brook turtle ( Mauremys annamensis (Siebenrock, 1903))
    • Caspian brook turtle ( Mauremys caspica (Gmelin, 1774))
    • Iverson's brook tortoise ( "Mauremys" × iversoni Pritchard & McCord, 1991) (hybrid of Cuora trifasciata & Mauremys mutica )
    • Japanese pond turtle ( Mauremys japonica (Temminck & Schlegel, 1835))
    • Moorish brook turtle ( Mauremys leprosa (Schweigger, 1812))
    • Yellow pond turtle ( Mauremys mutica (Cantor, 1842))
    • Chinese red-necked turtle ( Mauremys nigricans (Gray, 1834), Syn .: Chinemys nigricans )
    • Pritchard's brook tortoise ( "Mauremys" × pritchardi McCord, 1997) (hybrid of Mauremys mutica & Mauremys reevesii )
    • Chinese three-keeled tortoise ( Mauremys reevesii (Gray, 1831), Syn .: Chinemys reevesii , Chinemys megalocephala )
    • Eastern Mediterranean brook turtle ( Mauremys rivulata (Valenciennes, 1833))
    • Chinese striped turtle ( Mauremys sinensis (Gray, 1834), Syn .: Ocadia sinensis )
    • Guangxi striped turtle ( "Ocadia" × glyphistoma McCord & Iverson, 1994) (hybrid of Mauremys sinensis & Mauremys annamensis )
    • Philippens striped turtle ( "Ocadia" × philippeni McCord & Iverson, 1992) (hybrid of Mauremys sinensis & Cuora trifasciata )
  • Genus Indian terrapins ( Melanochelys Gray, 1869)
    • Three-keeled terrapin ( Melanochelys tricarinata (Blyth, 1856))
    • Black-bellied terrapin ( Melanochelys trijuga (Schweigger, 1812))
  • Genus Notochelys Gray, 1863
    • Malay flatback turtle ( Notochelys platynota (Gray, 1834))
  • Genus peacock pond terrapins ( Sacalia Gray, 1870)
    • Chinese peacock pond turtle ( Sacalia bealei (Gray, 1831))
    • Hainan peacock pond turtle ( "Sacalia" × pseudocellata McCord & Iverson, 1992) (hybrid of Cuora trifasciata & Sacalia quadriocellata )
    • Vietnamese peacock pond turtle ( Sacalia quadriocellata (Siebenrock, 1903))
  • Genus Siebenrockiella Lindholm, 1929
    • Black thick-headed turtle ( Siebenrockiella crassicollis (Gray, 1831))
    • Philippines Earth Turtle ( Siebenrockiella leytensis (Taylor, 1920))
  • Genus Vijayachelys Praschag, Schmidt, Fritzsch, Müller, Gemel & Fritz, 2006
    • Yellow-headed terrapin ( Vijayachelys silvatica (Henderson, 1912))
• Subfamily Rhinoclemmydinae Gray, 1873
  • Genus rhinoclemmys ( Rhinoclemmys Fitzinger, 1835)
    • Brown earth turtle ( Rhinoclemmys annulata (Gray, 1860))
    • Furrowed earth turtle ( Rhinoclemmys areolata (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1851))
    • Diadem earth turtle ( Rhinoclemmys diademata (Mertens, 1954))
    • Abdominal striped tortoise ( Rhinoclemmys funerea (Cope, 1876))
    • Colombian earth turtle ( Rhinoclemmys melanosterna (Gray, 1861))
    • Ecuador earth turtle ( Rhinoclemmys nasuta (Boulenger, 1902))
    • Magnificent earth turtle ( Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima (Gray, 1855))
    • South American Earth Tortoise ( Rhinoclemmys punctularia (Daudin, 1801))
    • Spotted terrapin ( Rhinoclemmys rubida (Cope, 1870))

proof

literature

• Manfred Rogner : Turtles. Biology, husbandry, reproduction. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5440-1 .
• Draco: Special issue pond turtles. 2003, ISSN  1439-8168 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Phillip Q. Spinks, H. Bradley Shaffer, John B. Iverson & William P. McCord: Phylogenetic hypotheses for the turtle family Geoemydidae. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32. pp. 164-182, 2004. doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2003.12.015 .

Web links

Commons : Old World Terrapins (Geoemydidae)  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

• Geoemydidae in The Reptile Database
• Peter Uetz: Family Geoemydidae (including Geoemydinae and Batagurinae). In: The Reptile Database. Archived from the original on March 28, 2007 ; accessed on February 23, 2013 . 
• SFB - Tortoise Friends Basilienses