Cholyambus
The Choljambus (also: Hinkjambus , from Greek: cholos = lahm + Jambus; also Skazon , also Hipponaktus after the Greek poet Hipponax , who supposedly invented the verse for his mocking poems) as a meter is an ancient iambic trimeter , in which the last, sixth foot is replaced by a trochee or a spondeus :
× —◡ — ˌ × —◡ — ˌ◡—— ×
The caesura is usually behind the fifth syllable, but can also be behind the seventh syllable. The lowering at the beginning of the verse is occasionally occupied with two short syllables (instead of the iamb there is an anapast ).
The effect of the verse on the listener is rather disharmonious. Wilhelm Hertzberg notes that the Choljambus receives "through the force with which it destroys and, to a certain extent, mocks the even word case where it is most felt and most purely demanded, an ironic power that is not inherent in any other meter." Similar to Jakob Minor , who justifies the “drastic effect” of the verse as follows: “While one expects to continue with an increasing rhythm, the verse strikes shortly before the end, i.e. precisely at the point where the intentional rhythm is otherwise most purely established, in the opposite. "
Above all, comic and satirical content is created in the Choljambus.
Ancient seal
In Greek poetry, after Hipponax, Callimachus and Herondas took up the choljambus again; Herondas described everyday scenes in so-called Mimjamben. Babrios composed fables in the Choljambus , for example (translation by Wilhelm Hertzberg):
The Rauchfuß Lampe, crouching behind a bush,
once chases a dog who is not ignorant of the hunt;
But he escaped him, and a goatherd said
mockingly: "You can't catch up with such animals yourself?"
The dog said: "
If you chase after you, it is different, if you save yourself from danger."
In Latin poetry, Gnaeus Matius wrote Choljambic mimjambs; Catullus wrote his choliambs after the model of Callimachus, and the choliambs of Virgil , Petron and Martial are built in the same way. From Martial's epigrams (translation by Alexander Berg):
Quid ergo in illa petitur et placet? Chick.
What is she looking for and what does he love? She has to cough.
German poetry
In German, the Choljambus was first used by Philipp von Zesen ( the owl's beautiful sound must adorn your rhyme ...). Later, various poets used the verse mainly satirically, including August Wilhelm Schlegel in Der Choliambe or Skazon :
The Choliambe seems to be a verse for art judges, who
always speak with nose wisdom,
and should only know one thing, that they know nothing.
Where criticism lags, verse must also be lame.
Whoever feasts his mind on the singing of the night owls,
And when the nightingale begins and plugs his ear
, one should get rid of it with sharp dissonance.
To Friedrich Rückert choljambischen poems is next to lame pentameter for Wangenheim and the letter in ancient dimensions also limping iambic :
I had a love who squinted in one eye;
Because she seemed beautiful to me, her squint also seemed beautiful.
I had one thing that
struck my tongue while speaking , it was no offense to
me, nudged her and said: “Dearest!” Now I have one that limps on one foot -
“Yes, of course,” I speak, “limps she, but she limps delicately. "
The peculiar movement of the verse can also be clearly heard in the setting of this poem by Carl Loewe .
Further examples of poems written in the Choljambus can be found in August von Platen ( Solved Problem ), Wilhelm Wackernagel ( Der Choliambus ), Otto Roquette ( Form studies , burnt offerings ) and David Friedrich Strauss ( Choliamben , Der Hausgarten ).
German Choljamben, based on the ancient model, are inconsistent. Occasionally there are also rhymed choljamben; August Schnezler uses the double rhyme in Epistle to a young theater candidate . From this four verses:
You will fight with many a stone, with many a thorn,
But you have to be patient and dampen your anger,
Do not immediately flinch before every difficulty;
An apprentice cannot just give a masterpiece.
Verses similar to the actual Choljambus are written by Friedrich Rückert ( gift of the soul , seven-part troches: you come in to the door like a ray of God ) August Schnezler ( Hink drinking hazel , six -part troches : friend, let's drink sweet purple wine ) and August von Platen (five-part iambs , The dawn finally put the night to shame ... ) as part of a ghazel .
literature
- Otto Knörrich: Lexicon of lyrical forms (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 479). Kröner, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-520-47901-X , p. 36.
- Friedrich Crusius: Roman metric. An introduction . 8th edition, revised by Hans Rubenbauer, Hueber, Munich 1967, p. 80.
- Jakob Minor: Neuhochdeutsche Metrik, Trübner, Strasbourg 1902, pp. 276–278.
Web links
- Introduction to the basics of Roman metrics (Gottwein)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Babrio's Fables, translated into German by Wilhelm Choliamben Hertzberg, Lippert and Schmidt, Hall 1846 S. 186th
- ↑ Jakob Minor: Neuhochdeutsche Metrik, Trübner, Strasbourg 1902, p. 277.
- ↑ Examples: Catullus Carmina 8; 22; 37; 39; 44; 59; 60.
- ↑ Examples: Martial Epigrams 1.10; 12.10
- ↑ Martial Epigrams 1.10, v.4
- ^ August Wilhelm von Schlegel: Complete Works. Volume 2, Leipzig 1846, p. 34, online .