Chryseobacterium

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Chryseobacterium
Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Bacteroidetes
Class : Flavobacteriia
Order : Flavobacteriales
Family : Flavobacteriaceae
Genre : Chryseobacterium
Scientific name
Chryseobacterium
Vandamme et al. (1994)

Chryseobacterium is a genus of bacteria . The generic name consists of the Latin word bacterium and the Greek word chryseos , which means something like "golden" and indicates the color of the individual colonies .

features

The cells of the different types of Chryseobacterium are mostly approx. 0.5 µm wide, the length is mostly in the range from 1 to 3 µm. Also pleomorphic and filamentous forms occur. Endospores are not formed.

Most strains grow optimally at temperatures between 15 to 30 ° C, pH values ​​of 6–8 and 0–1% sodium chloride , some also tolerate higher NaCl contents ( halotolerant ).

Depending on the species, the colonies can have colors ranging from pale yellow to pronounced orange, which is due to pigments similar to flexirubin . The bacteria are immobile and there is no sliding movement, which is observed in many species of the Flavobacteriaceae family . The catalase test and the oxidase test are positive. Most species do not reduce nitrate to nitrite . Most species are aerobic , some species also show anaerobic metabolism with nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor. These include Chryseobacterium gleum and C. indologenes . Menaquinone -6 (MK-6) is the dominant menaquinone. The subspecies Chryseobacterium aquaticum subsp. greenlandense was found in the Greenland Ice Sheet in 2010 at a depth of 3,042 meters. The cells are extremely small rods with a length of 0.6–1.2 µm and widths between 0.4 and 0.5 µm. The bacterium tolerates extremely low temperatures, high pressure and only shows growth under low oxygen content (microaerophil). Because of this, the bacterium is also of interest for astrobiology , since, for example, on Jupiter's moon Europa (moon) , similar conditions could prevail under a layer of ice several kilometers thick. At first the bacterium was assigned its own species and was named Chryseobacterium greenlandenseis . Due to further genetic investigations, it was added as a subspecies to Chryseobacterium aquaticum in 2020 .

Systematics

The genus Chryseobacterium was established from six species of the genus Flavobacterium in 1994. These species clearly differ from the type species Flavobacterium aquatile . These are the species: Chryseobacterium balustinum , C. gleum , C. indologenes , C. indoltheticum , C. meningosepticum and C. scophthalmum . Chryseobacterium gleum was chosen as the type species . The species Chryseobacterium meningosepticum (King 1959) Vandamme et al. 1994 was moved to the newly created genus Elizabethkingia in 2005 .

The following is a selection of the species listed in the genus (July 2018):

medicine

The species Chryseobacterium indologenes can infect people who are already sick and thus immunocompromised people in the hospital via the affected incubator, respirator, nebuliser and washing liquids . C. Indologenes , like the species Elizabethkingia meningoseptica , which previously belonged to the same genus, is generally resistant to the antibiotics usually used in gram-negative bacteria (e.g. β-lactams ). Used are trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole , rifampicin and gyrase inhibitors .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Michael Goodfellow et al. (Ed.): Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2nd edition, Volume 5: The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes . Springer, New York 2012, ISBN 978-0-387-95042-6 .
  2. ↑ B. Holmes, RJ Owen, TA McMeekin: Genus Flavobacterium. In: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . 1st edition, Volume 1: Gram-negative Bacteria of general, medical, or industrial importance. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1984, pp. 353-361.
  3. ↑ B. Holmes et al .: Flavobacterium gleum, a new species found in human clinical specimens. In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology , Vol. 34, 1984, No. 1, pp. 21-25. doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-34-1-21
  4. ↑ Jennifer Loveland-Curtze, Vanya Miteva, Jean Brenchley: Novel ultramicrobacterial isolates from a deep Greenland ice core represent a proposed new species, Chryseobacterium greenlandense sp. nov. In: Extremophiles. 14, 2010, pp. 61-69, doi : 10.1007 / s00792-009-0287-6 .
  5. ^ García-López et al .: Analysis of 1,000 Type-Strain Genomes Improves Taxonomic Classification of Bacteroidetes. In: Frontiers in Microbioly (2019). Edition 10, p. 2083. doi : 10.3389 / fmicb.2019.02083
  6. ↑ P. Vandamme et al.: New perspectives in the classification of the Flavobacteria: description of Chryseobacterium gen. Nov., Bergeyella gen. Nov., And Empedobacter nom. Rev. In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology , Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 827-831. doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-44-4-827
  7. ↑ Kwang Kyu Kim, Myung Kyum Kim, Ju Hyoung Lim, Hye Yoon Park & ​​Sung-Taik Lee: Transfer of Chryseobacterium meningosepticum and Chryseobacterium miricola to Elizabethkingia gen. Nov. as Elizabethkingia meningoseptica comb. nov. and Elizabethkingia miricola comb. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology , 2005, Volume 55, pp. 1287-1293. doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.63541-0
  8. ↑ Systematics according to: JP Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) - Chryseobacterium (as of July 17, 2018)
  9. ↑ Gholamreza Darai and others: Lexicon of infectious diseases in humans: pathogens, symptoms, diagnosis, therapy and prophylaxis . Springer, New York 2003, ISBN 978-3-540-44168-7 .

literature

  • Michael Goodfellow et al. (Ed.): Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . 2nd edition, Volume 5: The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes . Springer, New York 2012, ISBN 978-0-387-95042-6 .

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