Clonostachys rosea
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| ( Link []) Schroers , Samuels , Seifert & W.Gams |
Clonostachys rosea f. rosea ( Link ) Schroers, Samuels, Seifert & W. Gams (1999), is the secondary crop form ( anamorphic ) of the hose fungus Bionectria ochroleuca (pig.) Schroers & Samuels (1997) from the family of the Bionectriaceae, it belongs to the non-systematic group of imperfect Mushrooms . Synonymous names of the species are: Gliocladium roseum Bainier (1907), Clonostachys araucaria Corda (1939), Clonostachys araucaria var. Confusa Pinkerton (1936), Clonostachys rosea (Link) Schroers, Samuels, Seifert & W. Gams (1999), Gliocladium aureum Rader (1948), Haplotrichum roseum (Link) Corda, and Penicillium roseum Link (1816).
features
Clonostachys rosea f. rosea forms whorled and brush-like conidia carriers , at the ends of which asexual spores (conidia) are formed, the colonies are colored pink when ripe. The main fruit form ( teleomorph ), which is characterized by sexual reproduction, is found relatively rarely . The sexually formed spores arise in tubes ( asci ).
ecology
Clonostachys rosea f. rosea is widespread, grows in the soil and in rotting parts of plants, whereby it is not infrequently found, especially in heavily rotting plant material. The fungus can colonize and parasitize other types of fungus (especially small mushrooms such as molds, etc.). Some plant roots stimulate the dormant spores of Clonostachys rosea to germinate. The fungus can then penetrate the root bark without harming the plant. C. rosea can also become a parasite in weakened plants and penetrate other parts of the plant.
meaning
C. rosea can colonize and parasitize a wide range of microscopic fungi, including Verticillium species, for example , which can cause great damage in tree nurseries, nurseries and fruit growing companies. For this reason, there are numerous attempts to use Clonostachys rosea to control plant diseases caused by parasitic fungi. In many practical tests, considerable control successes have already been achieved on a wide variety of cultivated plants and a wide variety of plant-parasitic fungus species (and fungus-like organisms such as Phytophthora species).
Mycodiesel
In 2008, the American plant physiologist and biochemist Gary A. Strobel reported that the strain of this type of fungus (known as Gliocladium roseum [NRRL 50072]) found in Patagonia in Chilean mock elms and araucarias (known as Gliocladium roseum [NRRL 50072]), when growing under anaerobic conditions, aliphatic hydrocarbons , esters , alcohols and fatty acids produced, albeit in very small quantities. NRRL 50072 is the name under which this mushroom was deposited in the public strain collection of the "Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection" (formerly Northern Regional Research Laborator) of the US Department of Agriculture in Peoria , USA, from where it can be obtained for research purposes. Because some of the hydrocarbons formed by the fungus could be used as diesel fuel , this discovery was also reported extensively in the daily press. The false impression was given that this type of mushroom was newly discovered and only grows on araucarias and Chilean pseudo-elm. Sometimes the area in which it was found was confused with the tropical rainforest .
Discovery history and nomenclature
The species was described by Heinrich Friedrich Link as Penicillium roseum in 1816 , and it was classified into various genera. The current designation as Clonostachys rosea was given in 1999 by Hans-Josef Schroers, Gary J. Samuels, Keith A. Seifert and Walter Gams , after it was established that the genus Gliocladium , in which the species was classified by Bainier in 1907, was very different, included non-related species. Teleomorph and holomorph (the fungus in all its possible manifestations) bear the name Bionectria ochroleuca (Schw.) Schroers & Samuels. Changes in the nomenclature, which can be expected from the latest changes to the International Code for Botanical Nomenclature , have so far hardly found their way into the literature. These changes are due to the fact that the paragraph on “pleomorphism” has been deleted from the International Code. This paragraph stated that for mushroom species that can occur in different forms (teleomorph and anamorphic), different names may be given for different forms (morphs).
Use as a plant protection product
The Canadian company Bee Vectoring Technologies International uses the fungus Clonostachys rosea for the patented crop protection product CR-7 . The bees pick up the fungal spores when they leave the specially adapted hives and bring them to the plant. There the fungus is absorbed by the plants and can thus protect against pests and diseases. The pesticide is purely natural and no chemical additives are necessary to protect the plant. Farmers save the costs of conventional pesticides and can market their products as organic goods.
swell
- Geßner, Ekkehard, letter to the editor in Der Tintling , issue 1/2009, p. 46 (the author co-wrote this article)
- Rossman, Amy Y .; McKemy, John M .; Pardo-Schultheiss, Rebecca A .; Schroers, Hans-Josef (2001): Molecular studies of the Bionectriaceae using large subunit rDNA sequences. Mycologia 93 (1) 100-110.
- Schroers, Hans-Josef; Samuels, Gary J .; Seifert, Keith A .; Gams, Walter (1999): Classification of the mycoparasite Gliocladium roseum in Clonostachys as C. rosea, its relationship to Bionectria ochroleuca, and notes on other Gliocladium-like fungi. Mycologia 91 (2) 365-385.
- Schroers, H.-J. (2000): Generic delimitation of Bionectria (Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales) based on holomorph characters and rDNA sequences. Studies in Mycology 45, 63-82
- Schroers, H.-J. (2001): A monograph of Bionectria (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Bionectriaceae) and its Clonostachys anamorphs. Studies in Mycology 46, 1-214
- Strobel, Gary A .; Knighton, Berk; Kluck, Katreena; Ren, Yuhao; Livinghouse, Tom; Griffin, Meghan; Spakowicz, Daniel; Sears, Joe (2008): The production of myco-diesel hydrocarbons and their derivatives by the endophytic fungus Gliocladium roseum (NRRL 50072). Microbiology 154 (11) 3319-3328.