Cochimí-Yuma languages

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Dissemination of the Cochimí-Yuma languages

Cochimí-Yuma is an indigenous American language family in North America that is or was spoken by various peoples primarily in southern California and southwest Arizona in the United States, as well as northern Baja California and northwest Sonora in Mexico . Often it is also counted among the Hoka languages .

Classification of Cochimí-Yuma

The Cochimí-Yuma is today generally divided into two divergent eponymous subgroups - the now extinct Cochimí in the south and the various Yuma languages; some of these languages ​​or dialects are endangered languages or even extinct languages , the latter are marked with † - extinct .

I. COCHIMÍ

1. Cochimí or Laimón (the Cochimí , two dialects, sometimes as two different languages considered) (†)
  • Northern Cochimí / Laimón (dialect variant of nomadic bands in the Lower Californian desert, later associated with the missions Santa María Cabujacamang, Santa Gertrudis and San Francisco de Borja (Borjeño))
  • Southern Cochimí / Laimón (dialect variant of semi-nomadic bands in the oases and mountains south of the 28th parallel, best documented in the missions of San Javier Viggé, San José Comondú and San Ignacio Kadakaaman (Cadegomeño))

II. YUMA

2. Kiliwa (Kiliwi or Quiligua) or Koléew Ñaja ' ( Kiliwa (K'olew) , the southernmost and most divergent language from the other Yuma languages, is often used as a bridge between Cochimí in the south and the actual Yuma languages ​​in the North viewed) (10 speakers, Golla 2007)
  • actually Kiliwa (Koléew Ñaja) or Eastern Kiliwa (Koléew Ñaja)
  • possibly Ñakipa dialect or southwestern Kiliwa (Koléew Ñaja)

actual Yuma languages

A. CALIFORNIA-DELTA YUMA or DIEGUEÑO-COCOPA
i. California Yuma , Diegueño or now mostly Kumeyaay (three closely related languages ​​spoken by different Kumeyaay (Tipai-Ipai) groups in northern Lower California and southern California) (150 speakers in the USA, approx. 220 in Mexico, Golla 2007 )
3. Ipai or ' Iipay aa (also: Northern Diegueño ) (25 speakers, Hinton 1994)
  • Mesa Grande dialect
  • Barona dialect
  • Santa Ysabel dialect
  • Imperial dialect
  • Ipai dialect
  • San Pasqual subdialect
  • Iñaja subdialect (sometimes grouped as the Kumeyaay dialect)
4. actual Kumeyaay (Kumiai) or Kamia (also: Zentrales Diegueño, (Central) -Eastern Diegueño or Campo ) (50 speakers, Hinton 1994)
  • Baron Long dialect
  • Campo dialect
  • Iñaja dialect (sometimes grouped as the Ipai dialect)
  • Imperial dialect
  • Kumeyaay dialect
  • Cuyapaipe subdialect (sometimes grouped as Tipai dialect)
  • Manzanita subdialect (sometimes grouped as Tipai dialect)
5. Tipai or Tiipay (also: Südliches Diegueño , Huerteño , Ku'ahl ) (approx. 200 speakers, 1990)
  • Ha'a dialect
  • Jamul dialect
  • La Huerta dialect
  • Neji dialect
  • San Jose de la Zorra dialect
  • San José dialect
  • Cuyapaipe subdialect (sometimes grouped as the Kumeyaay dialect)
  • Manzanita subdialect (sometimes grouped as the Kumeyaay dialect)
ii. Delta Yuma or Cocopa
6. Cocopa or Kwikapa
  • Mountain Cocopa dialect (west of the Colorado River in the western Colorado River Delta in Baja California)
  • Subdialect of the Wi Ahwir Band ('Water-Against-the-Mountain-People') (north of El Mayor on both sides of the Río Hardy (Hardy River) and the Río Pescadero near the Cocopah Mountains to the volcano Cerro Prieto (Wee Ñaay), a mixed bilingual Kumeyaay (Diegueño) -Cocopa band)
  • Subdialect of the Kwakwarsh Band ('Yellow People') (south of El Mayor to the confluence of the Río Hardy with the Colorado River in the Municipio Mexicali in northern Baja California , Mexico; a mixed Kiliwa-Paipai-Kumeyaay (Diegueño) -Cocopa band)
  • Delta or River Cocopa dialect (on both sides of the Colorado River in the middle of the delta and in the eastern Colorado River Delta in Baja California, Sonora and Arizona)
  • Subdialect of the Mat Skrui Band ('In-Between-Country-People', as they lived on both sides of the Colorado River in the northeast Colorado River Delta, were known to all bands as koapa 'ahan ("true, real Cocopa"), now near Somerton , Arizona)
  • Subdialect of the Hwanyak Band ('Easterners' = "those who live east [of the river or the mountains]" or "the Easterners", as they were the only band that always lived east of the Colorado River, north of Colono Lendo to Noche Buena, Sonora , today near Somerton , Arizona, a mixed Kohuana-Halyikwamai-Cocopa band)
  • Halyikwamai dialect (the Halyikwamai , today identify themselves as Maricopa ) (†)
  • Kahwan or Kohuana dialect (the Kohuana (Cajuenche) , today identify as Maricopa ) (†)
B. RIVER YUMA
7. Quechan or Yuma (the Quechan (Kwtsaan or Kwtsan) , formerly mostly called Yuma , therefore all Yuma-speaking peoples and tribes are often referred to collectively as Yuma ) (150 speakers, Golla 2007)
8. Maricopa or Piipaash , formerly also Cocomaricopa (100 speakers, 2007 Golla, the Piipaash and Xalychidoma chuukwer dialects)
9. Mohave (Mohaje) or Hamakhav (the Mohave ('Aha Makhav or Pipa Aha Makav) ) (100 speakers, Golla 2007, of these 30 to 35 on the Fort Mohave Reservation, 35 to 50 on the Colorado River Reservation)
C. PAI or NORTHERN YUMA
i. Yuma Highlands or Northern Pai
10. Yavapai (of the various Yavapai groups) (100 to 150 speakers, Golla 2007)
  • Yavepe or Yavbe 'dialect (Northwestern, Central or Prescott dialect) (the Yavapé (Yavbe') , also Northwestern Yavapai or Central Yavapai , formerly mostly called Mohave - Apache or Apache Mojave )
  • Tolkepaya or Ɖo: lkabaya dialect (Western dialect) (the Tolkepaya (Ɖo: lkabaya) or Western Yavapai , formerly mostly called Yuma- Apache or Apache-Yuma )
  • Kewevkapaya or Guwevkabaya dialect (Southern or Southeastern dialect) (the Kwevkepaya (Kewevkapaya or Guwevkabaya) , also Southeastern Yavapai or Southern Yavapai , formerly mostly called Tonto Apache )
  • Wipukpaya or Wi: pukba dialect (Northeastern or Verde Valley dialect) (the Wipukepaya (Wi: pukba) or Northeastern Yavapai , formerly mostly known as Mohave-Apache , Apache-Mojave or Tonto Apache )
11. Yuma highlands or Havasupai-Hualapai (also: Supai-Walapai )
ii. Paipai
12. Paipai or Akwa'ala (the Paipai (Akwa'ala) , sometimes only regarded as a dialect variant of the Northern Pai or Highland Yuma ) (100 speakers, Golla 2007)

literature

  • Marianne Mithun: The Languages ​​of Native North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 1999, ISBN 0-521-23228-7 .

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The earlier naming of the language as Cocomaricopa probably goes back to the fact that the Maricopa-speaking Maricopa and Halchidhoma, the Cocopa-speaking Halyikwamai and Kohuana (Cajuenche) moved in and soon identified themselves only as Maricopa

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