Kumeyaay
The Kumeyaay , also known as Tipai-Ipai , Kamia , or formerly Diegueño , are a multi-tribe of North American indigenous people in the extreme southwest of California and Baja California in northwest Mexico . In Spanish , the name is mostly written Kumiai . Historically, they lived predominantly in an area that stretched from the Warner Springs Valley in the north, the Imperial Valley in the east to about 90 kilometers south of the Mexican border. They are the first known residents of San Diego County , where the people have lived for more than 10,000 years.
language
The Kumeyaay languages belong to the California Delta Yuma branch of the Cochimí Yuma language family. If these were previously assigned to the Hoka languages , this is now controversial. In general, a distinction is made today between three separate but closely related languages:
- Ipai or Iipay (also Northern Diegueño )
- Kumeyaay or Kumiai (also Central Diegueño , Kamia or Campo )
- Tipai or Tiipay (also Southern Diegueño )
The meaning of the term Kumeyaay is unknown, but Ipai or Tipai are both called "people". However, some southern Kumeyaay also refer to themselves as MuttTipi - "people of the earth".
history
When the first whites arrived in the region with the Juan Rodríguez Cabrillos expedition in 1542 , the hunters, gatherers and horticulturalists were the only people to settle in the region. The basis of food was meat, for example from rabbits and deer, fish and field crops. They cultivated the surrounding land, used slash and burn, and maintained systems for water supply and erosion control .
With the Spanish invasion of 1769, the people began to be expelled from their original settlement area. Their habitat has been restricted to a few reservations in California. The 12 tribes still in existence today are the Barona, Campo, Ewiiaapaayp, Inaja-Cosmit, Jamul, LaPosta, Manzanita, Mesa Grande, San Pasqual, Santa Ysabel, Sycuan and Viejas. They live in the San Diego area , including the Capitan Grande Indian Reservation.
Individual evidence
- ^ Anthony R. Pico: The Kumeyaay Millenium
- ↑ Katharine Luomala : Tipai-Ipai. In: Handbook of North American Indians . Volume ed. Robert F. Heizer. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. pp. 592-609. ISBN 0-87474-187-4 .
