DLX (Gen)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

DLX is a family of homeodomain transcription factors that are very similar to the "distal-less" genes (Dll) of Drosophila .

The family is related to a number of developmental characteristics. In addition, they can be found in good condition for all species .

Well-known members of the family include DLX1 through DLX7. They form large gene groups with one another . For vertebrates there are groups DLX1 - DLX2 , DLX5 - DLX6 and DLX3 -DLX7. Each of these groups is a specific Hox gene - Cluster linked. In more developed fish, such as the zebrafish , there are some additional DLX genes, DLX5 and DLX8. The orthological genes DLX4 and DLX6 of the zebrafish correspond in the vertebrates DLX5-DLX6, which form a large gene cluster in the zebrafish. These additional genes are not linked to each other or to any other DLX gene.

DLX4 , DLX7, DLX8 and DLX9 are identical except for the first exon and are located on the same chromosomal locus 17q21.33; they are believed to be isoforms of the same gene. The BP1 isoform is expressed to a high degree in some malignant tumors , e.g. In breast cancer, prostate cancer, leukemia, and non-small cell lung cancer. Breast tumors that express the gene grow faster and metastasize earlier.

DLX genes are required for the tangential migration of interneurons from the subpallium to the pallium during vertebrate brain development . It has been suggested that DLX promotes interneuron migration by suppressing a variety of proteins that are normally expressed in finely differentiated neurons and promote dendritic and axon outgrowth . Mice lacking DLX1 show electrophysiological and histological evidence of epilepsy .

DLX2 has been implicated in a number of areas, including the development of the intrathalamic zona limitans and the prethalamus .

DLX5 / 6 expression is required for structuring the lower jaw in vertebrates .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ G. Panganiban, JL Rubenstein: Developmental functions of the Distal-less / Dlx homeobox genes. In: Development. Volume 129, Number 19, October 2002, pp. 4371-4386, ISSN  0950-1991 . PMID 12223397 . (Review).
  2. ^ DW Stock, DL Ellies, Z. Zhao, M. Ekker, FH Ruddle, KM Weiss: The evolution of the vertebrate Dlx gene family. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . Volume 93, Number 20, October 1996, pp. 10858-10863, ISSN  0027-8424 . PMID 8855272 . PMC 38247 (free full text).
  3. ↑ Berg PE, Kirolikar S: DLX4 (distal-less homeobox 4). Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Hematology, Jan. 2011
  4. ↑ SA Anderson, DD Eisenstat, L. Shi, JL Rubenstein: Interneuron migration from basal forebrain to neocortex: dependence on Dlx genes. In: Science . Volume 278, Number 5337, October 1997, pp. 474-476, ISSN  0036-8075 . PMID 9334308 .
  5. ^ I. Cobos, U. Borello, JL Rubenstein: Dlx transcription factors promote migration through repression of axon and dendrite growth. In: Neuron. Volume 54, Number 6, June 2007, pp. 873-888, ISSN  0896-6273 . doi : 10.1016 / j.neuron.2007.05.024 . PMID 17582329 .
  6. ^ I. Cobos, ME Calcagnotto, AJ Vilaythong, MT Thwin, JL Noebels, SC Baraban, JL Rubenstein: Mice lacking Dlx1 show subtype-specific loss of interneurons, reduced inhibition and epilepsy. In: Nature neuroscience . Volume 8, Number 8, August 2005, pp. 1059-1068, ISSN  1097-6256 . doi : 10.1038 / nn1499 . PMID 16007083 .
  7. ↑ MJ Depew, T. Lufkin, JL Rubenstein: Specification of jaw subdivisions by Dlx genes. In: Science. Volume 298, Number 5592, October 2002, pp. 381-385, ISSN  1095-9203 . doi : 10.1126 / science.1075703 . PMID 12193642 .