Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing

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Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing ( EMDR for short , roughly in German: Desensitization and processing through eye movements) is a treatment method for post-traumatic stress disorder developed in the USA by the American literary scholar and psychologist Francine Shapiro . EMDR is a trauma-focused intervention that, after a structured focusing process, leads to an associative process of processing. Both are accompanied by rhythmic eye movements guided by the therapist's hand.

Theory on trauma experience and solution approach from EMDR

After a trauma, what is known as “ speechless terror” can occur. This means that in parts of the brain experiences are stored in a stressful way and thus experienced internally by the patient (or he dissociates ), while the language center can be actively suppressed. The patient can hardly put what happened in words, which subsequently makes it difficult to process what has happened.

There are numerous studies and theories on the mechanism of action of EMDR therapy. It was assumed that the bilateral stimulation by means of certain eye movements (or acoustic or tactile stimuli) enables synchronization between the halves of the brain or an internal reorganization of the dysfunctional trauma experience. Furthermore, explanatory reference is made to the REM phases during sleep, in which strong eye movements take place and this could be relevant for an increased processing mode of what is experienced in everyday life. Some research also suggests that working memory is involved in the EMDR process.

While the favorable mode of action of EMDR could be scientifically proven, the explanatory approach or the specific part of "healing" eye movements could not be scientifically proven and has since been refuted several times. For example, it was found that, in addition to horizontal, vertical eye movements were effective, as were other distraction tasks (see also the section on research and scientific reception ).

Origin and introduction

Emergence

Francine Shapiro came up with the idea to try and study this method by chance while walking in the park. She moved her eyes back and forth and experienced a significant relief from fears and depressive thoughts in connection with the cancer diagnosed with her.

Introduction to Germany

EMDR was introduced in Germany in 1991 by Arne Hofmann , the first European trainer certified by Francine Shapiro at the EMDR Institute. In 1995 the EMDR Institute Germany (Bergisch Gladbach) organized the first German-language training seminar for psychologists and doctors.

In 1998 the recognized German specialist society for EMDR, EMDRIA Germany , was founded in Bielefeld. EMDRIA Germany today has over 2,000 members and has a nationwide network of EMDR therapists and EMDR supervisors certified according to international standards. The main tasks of EMDRIA Germany are to establish high quality standards for the training and use of EMDR as well as to inform the public about the therapeutic effects of this method. The association is also committed to the dissemination and further recognition of EMDR in Germany.

Both the British NICE guidelines 2005 and the Australian guidelines recommend that all patients with post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD be offered trauma-focused psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or EMDR. The S3 guidelines also recommend trauma-focused psychotherapy, but require sufficient stability: "Insufficient affect tolerance, acute substance consumption, unstable psychosocial and physical situation, comorbid dissociative disorder, uncontrolled auto-aggressive behavior are to be viewed as a relative contraindication to trauma confrontation."

In 2014, EMDR was included in the German Psychotherapy Directive by the Joint Federal Committee (GBA). In 2015, EMDR was included in the service catalog of the statutory health insurance companies (see also the section Reimbursement by the statutory health insurance companies in Germany ).

Course of an EMDR session

First, the patient's history of suffering is recorded ( anamnesis ) (phase 1).

The patient is then informed about the exact procedure for EMDR and, as a precaution, a positive experience (such as an individual safe place) is established internally (phase 2) in order to be able to get out of a stressful trauma experience during the treatment.

In phase 3, the most stressful situation within the trauma experience in connection with a negative thought (such as "I am helpless") is selected for later processing. Then a positive goal thought (e.g. “I can do something”) is formulated, in which the patient evaluates how appropriate it feels. The stressful feelings are also worked out and evaluated.

Then the actual processing of the memory takes place. The patient puts himself mentally and emotionally back into the situation of the trauma experience (usually a frozen image of the situation) and follows the therapist's hand movements with his eyes with his head held still (phase 4).

The processing that is set in motion usually relieves the burden. Once the stress has disappeared, the positive thought and body feeling are anchored at the end of the session (phase 5).

This is followed by testing (phase 6) of possibly changed body experiences (all abnormal sensations to the remembered situation should be less severe or the stress should be reduced). The treatment is then completed. In addition, a possible post-processing (in dreams) is pointed out. This post-processing can be relevant for the course of further treatment and the planning of further sessions. In the following session (phase 8), the treatment result of the previous session is checked and the next steps are planned.

developments

The best-studied EMDR approach is the EMDR standard protocol, which focuses not only on traumatic memories but also on stressful trauma-associated triggers of the present and future fears associated with memory.

In the context of EMDR therapy, however, other different techniques have developed and established, for example the work with the Affect Bridge according to Watkins ("Float-Back" technique (Shapiro)), which provides access to earlier stressful situations via access to more current stressful situations Situations.

The "absorption technique" is known (Hofmann 2006, based on the "wedge technique" by A. Leeds & R. Kiessling 1999), which offers a simple way of using resources by combining resource-rich memories and sensations with a stressful situation.

Brainspotting was also developed from EMDR by David Grand.

Other possible uses

Today, in addition to therapeutic intervention after traumatic events, other possible uses of EMDR are also being tested. In seven controlled studies, EMDR has already shown at least the same effectiveness as conventional treatment methods in the treatment of depression. In most of these studies, EMDR also showed a significantly increased proportion of patients who completely lost their depressive disorder (complete remission). There are also a number of studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of EMDR in the treatment of certain pain disorders.

The EMDR is also used for anxiety disorders , but a systematic review by the University of Witten-Herdecke on behalf of the German IQWiG showed “no indication” that patients with anxiety disorders benefit from the method. The studies presented so far had a high risk of bias and poor reporting quality, and the duration of the study was often too short. This applies, among other things, to the examined endpoints anxiety , depression , health-related quality of life and physical symptoms.

There are controlled scientific studies of the effectiveness of EMDR in treating relapse in chronic alcoholic patients as well as traumatized pedosexual offenders. A systematic further development of the EMDR manual beyond the treatment of acute trauma and not yet chronified medium-term traumatic processes has not yet taken place.

Quality control

For quality control in treatment and training and to promote the further development of the EMDR method, the professional association EMDRIA was founded in the USA in 1995. In 1998 the European professional association EMDR-Europe was founded. Both currently have around 44,000 members worldwide. With their certifications (e.g. EMDR therapist (EMDRIA), EMDR trainer (EMDR-Europe)) and ethics committees, the specialist societies ensure a high quality standard in the context of treatment and training.

All therapists in Germany who work according to these quality standards are recorded in an EMDRIA Germany database. The association offers an online therapist search with which a psychotherapist recognized by EMDRIA can be searched for by postal code and various other criteria (advanced search). The association's website also includes criteria for finding an EMDR therapist and providing patient information about treatment with EMDR for adults and children.

Research and scientific reception

There are now a large number of studies, meta-analyzes and literature reviews on EMDR in which one form of EMDR was tested in post-traumatic stress reactions with different populations . The studies, meta-analyzes and reviews usually come to the conclusion that EMDR brings about moderate improvements in the symptoms of post-traumatic stress reactions. In six randomized studies, EMDR is compared with a waiting control group; In ten other randomized controlled trials (RCTs), EMDR was compared with other, already established therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder . The results showed a significantly greater reduction in post-traumatic stress symptoms in patients treated with EMDR as well as in other trauma-focused behavioral therapies than in patients in the waiting control group or in non-trauma-focused patients. In this, as in other studies, there was no evidence of superiority in the effectiveness of EMDR over other trauma-focused therapy methods.

In 2013, in its recommendations for patients with post-traumatic stress disorder, the WHO named EMDR and behavioral therapy as recommended forms of treatment for adults and children and adolescents. In its meta-analysis, the joint federal committee (G-BA) at EMDR found that "in the outpatient area there is a medical need to recognize EMDR as a further method as part of a comprehensive treatment concept for outpatient psychotherapeutic care for those with statutory health insurance."

In 2014, the Scientific Advisory Board for Psychotherapy adopted an opinion on the scientific recognition of the EMDR method for the treatment of adjustment and stress disorders as well as for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents, in which it was concluded that “the EMDR method in children and adolescents as Method for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder cannot be regarded as scientifically recognized ”.

EMDR has sometimes been referred to as pseudoscience . The Göttingen psychiatrist and psychotherapist Borwin Bandelow criticized EMDR as a trauma therapy method because its effectiveness has only been proven by a few, methodologically impeccable studies. At the University of Munich, in cooperation with the Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine at the University of Gießen, a research project funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) was carried out, which was planned for three years and which should help to further elucidate the mechanism of the EMDR method. It found that both patients treated with the usual EMDR method and patients who looked at an immobile hand (1st control condition) showed a greater decrease in symptoms than patients in whom exposure without visual focus of attention took place (2nd control condition). However, there was no significant difference between the usual EMDR and the 1st control condition. That speaks against the above-mentioned mode of action and more in favor of an effect via influencing the working memory. Older studies also suggested that the exposure component of therapy seems to be what actually works in EMDR, but not the specific eye movements. A 2013 study confirmed the effectiveness of eye movements and concluded that the processes involved in EMDR are different from those in exposure therapy alone.

Most of the research papers and scientific publications on EMDR are available in the Francine Shapiro Library. Since 2007, the international EMDR professional societies have jointly published the Journal of EMDR Practice and Research at Springer Verlag.

For fifteen years now, annual international scientific conferences on EMDR have been held (in Europe most recently in Barcelona 2017, Strasbourg 2018, Krakow 2019, planned Berlin 2020).

The EMDR specialist association EMDRIA Germany organizes a specialist congress once a year, the EMDRIA day , in which both members and non-members of the specialist association can take part. The aim of the symposium is to pass on information about new research results as well as to exchange and network among the participants.

criticism

Several scientists wondered about the "enormous popularity" of EMDR, saying that while the procedure had proven its effectiveness, the aggressive advertising and surprising popularity among practitioners raised questions. There is also not a single psychological university professor among all 1,570 certified EMDR therapists and 140 certified EMDR supervisors.

Davidson and Parker, in a meta-analysis of 34 studies, found that EMDR is no more effective or effective than other exposure techniques and that eye movements are unnecessary.

There was a controversial discussion about why special and costly training is necessary to learn EMDR. Certified training institutes point out that the effectiveness of the EMDR method is very much dependent on the quality of the training and therefore recommend only completing accredited training.

See also

Movies

  • Oliver Schubbe: EMDR - the educational film from the Institute for Trauma Therapy. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-525-49080-1 (1 DVD, 50 min.)

literature

  • Borwin Bandelow: When the soul suffers - Mental illnesses: causes & therapies. Rowohlt, Reinbek 2010, ISBN 3-498-00663-0 .
  • Cora Besser-Siegmund, Harry Siegmund: EMDR in coaching. 2nd edition 25. Junfermann, Paderborn, ISBN 978-3-87387-431-2 .
  • JI Bisson, Ehlers A, Matthews R, Pilling S, Richards D, Turner S (2007). Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Systematic review and metaanalysis. Br J Psychiatry 2007 Feb; 190: 97-104.
  • Gallasch-Stebler, Andrea: “Next stop on earth. Long-term therapy of a severely traumatized child in practice and theory. ”Pabst Science Publishers-Verlag, Lengerich 2012, ISBN 978-3-89967-762-1 .
  • Ricky Greenwald: EMDR in psychotherapy with children and adolescents. A manual. Junfermann, Paderborn 2001, ISBN 978-3-87387-431-2 .
  • Thomas Hensel (Ed.): EMDR with children and adolescents. Hogrefe, Göttingen 2006, ISBN 3-8017-1941-3 .
  • Arne Hofmann : EMDR in the therapy of psychotraumatic stress syndromes. Thieme, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-13-118243-1 .
  • Christine Köhnke: Pilot study to evaluate EMDR therapy using psychometric methods and EKP. Medical University Dissertation, Hannover 2000.
  • Friedhelm Lambrecht, Ursula Gast (ed.): Practice of trauma therapy. What can EMDR do? Pfeiffer at Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-608-89684-8 .
  • Christopher William Lee, Pim Cuijpers: “A meta-analysis of the contribution of eye movements in processing emotional memories.” Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 44 (2013) 231–239.
  • Howard Lipke: EMDR and Other Approaches to Psychotherapy, an Integrative Model. Junfermann, Paderborn 2001, ISBN 3-87387-467-9 .
  • Joan Lovett: Little Miracles. Healing childhood trauma with the help of EMDR. Junfermann, Paderborn 2000, ISBN 3-87387-427-X .
  • Christine Rost : Resource work with EMDR. Junfermann. Paderborn 2008, ISBN 3-87387-697-3 .
  • Laurel Parnell: EMDR - the way out of trauma. About healing trauma and emotional injuries. Junfermann, Paderborn 1999, ISBN 978-3-87387-402-2 .
  • Laurel Parnell: EMDR Therapy with Adults. Overcoming childhood trauma. Pfeiffer at Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-608-89713-5 .
  • K. Power, T. McGoldrick, et al. (2002). A Controlled Comparison of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Versus Exposure Plus Cognitive Restructuring Versus Waiting List in the Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 9: 299-318.
  • Cornelia Schrader: Moving the soul with your eyes. Ways out of trauma for people with intellectual disabilities. Lebenshilfe, Marburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-88617-318-1 .
  • Oliver Schubbe (Ed.): Traumatherapy with EMDR. A manual for training. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2004, ISBN 3-525-46214-X .
  • Francine Shapiro: EMDR. Basics & Practice; Handbook for the treatment of traumatized people. Junfermann, Paderborn 1999, ISBN 978-3-87387-360-5 .
  • Francine Shapiro, Margot S. Forrest: EMDR in action. The new short-term therapy in practice. 3. Edition. Junfermann, Paderborn 2007, ISBN 978-3-87387-385-8 .
  • Francine Shapiro (Ed.): EMDR as an integrative psychotherapeutic approach. Junfermann, Paderborn 2003, ISBN 978-3-87387-431-2 .
  • Sandra Schulz, Andreas Dahm, Annegret Herrmann-Frank, Wiebke Martinsohn-Schittkowski, Marc Nocon, Ulrike Sühlfleisch-Thurau: EMDR - A method is recognized . In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt PP, 2015, 13 (01), pp. 34–36.
  • Robert H. Tinker, Sandra A. Wilson: EMDR with children. A manual. 2nd Edition. Junfermann, Paderborn 2006, ISBN 978-3-87387-425-1 .
  • ML Van Etten, S. Taylor: Comparative efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis . in. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , 5, 1998, pp. 126-144.
  • Anna-Konstantina Richter: EMDR for social anxiety disorders. 1st edition. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2019, ISBN 978-3-608-96388-5 .
  • Jonas Tesarz, Günter H. Seidler, Wolfgang Eich: Treating pain with EMDR. The practice book. 3. Edition. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart, 2018, ISBN 978-3-608-94881-3

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Thomas Ehring, Arne Hofmann, Birgit Kleim, Peter Liebermann, Annett Lotzin: Psychotherapeutic treatment of post- traumatic stress disorder in adults: Recommendations of the new S3 guideline . In: Trauma & Violence . tape 14 , no. 2 , May 2020, ISSN  1863-7167 , p. 92–100 , doi : 10.21706 / tg-14-2-92 ( klett-cotta.de [accessed on May 24, 2020]).
  2. ↑ Fischer & Riedesser: Textbook of Psychotraumatology. Ernst Reinhardt Verlag, Munich 2009, p. 251.
  3. ↑ Iris M. Engelhard, Richard J. McNally, Kevin van Schie: Retrieving and Modifying Traumatic Memories: Recent Research Relevant to Three Controversies . In: Current Directions in Psychological Science . tape 28 , no. 1 , February 2019, ISSN  0963-7214 , p. 91-96 , doi : 10.1177 / 0963721418807728 ( sagepub.com [accessed February 18, 2020]).
  4. ^ Paul R. Davidson, Kevin CH Parker: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A meta-analysis. In: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology . tape 69 , no. 2 , 2001, ISSN  1939-2117 , p. 305-316 , doi : 10.1037 / 0022-006X.69.2.305 ( apa.org [accessed March 16, 2020]).
  5. ^ Raymond W. Gunter, Glen E. Bodner: How eye movements affect unpleasant memories: Support for a working-memory account . In: Behavior Research and Therapy . tape 46 , no. 8 , August 2008, p. 913–931 , doi : 10.1016 / j.brat.2008.04.006 ( elsevier.com [accessed on March 16, 2020]).
  6. ↑ Martin Sack, Wolfgang Lempa, Friedhelm Lamprecht: Meta-analysis of studies on EMDR treatment of patients with post-traumatic stress disorders - The influence of study quality on effect sizes - . In: PPmP - Psychotherapy · Psychosomatics · Medical Psychology . tape 51 , no. 9/10 , September 2001, pp. 350–355 , doi : 10.1055 / s-2001-16898 ( thieme-connect.de [accessed on March 16, 2020]).
  7. ↑ a b Christine Knaevelsrud: S3 guideline on post- traumatic stress disorder. (PDF; 559 kB) Freie Universität Berlin, May 5, 2013, accessed on June 22, 2019 .
  8. ↑ Sandra Schulz et al. 2015, p. bibliography
  9. ^ Arne Hofmann : EMDR. Therapy of post-traumatic stress syndromes . 3. Edition. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart / New York 2006, ISBN 3-13-118243-1 , p. 63, 65 (completely revised, expanded edition).
  10. ^ Arne Hofmann: EMDR. Therapy of post-traumatic stress syndromes . S. 92 .
  11. ↑ Luca Ostacoli, Sara Carletto, Marco Cavallo, Paula Baldomir-Gago, Giorgio Di Lorenzo: Comparison of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as Adjunctive Treatments for Recurrent Depression: The European Depression EMDR Network (EDEN) Randomized Controlled Trial . In: Frontiers in Psychology . tape 9 , February 13, 2018, ISSN  1664-1078 , p. 74 , doi : 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.00074 , PMID 29487548 ( frontiersin.org [accessed February 18, 2020]).
  12. ↑ Deutscher Ärzteverlag GmbH, editor of the Deutsches Ärzteblatt: EMDR works just as well as behavior therapy for depression. September 24, 2018, accessed February 18, 2020 .
  13. ↑ Francesca Malandrone, Sara Carletto, Michael Hase, Arne Hofmann, Luca Ostacoli: A Brief Narrative Summary of Randomized Controlled Trials Investigating EMDR Treatment of Patients With Depression . In: Journal of EMDR Practice and Research . tape 13 , no. 4 , November 1, 2019, ISSN  1933-3196 , p. 302–306 , doi : 10.1891 / 1933-3196.13.4.302 ( springerpub.com [accessed February 18, 2020]).
  14. ↑ Jonas Tesarz, Sabine Leisner, Andreas Gerhardt, Susanne Janke, Günter H. Seidler: Effects of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Treatment in Chronic Pain Patients: A Systematic Review: Systematic Review: EMDR in Chronic Pain . In: Pain Medicine . tape 15 , no. 2 , February 2014, p. 247–263 , doi : 10.1111 / pme.12303 ( oup.com [accessed February 18, 2020]).
  15. ↑ "hil": Anxiety Disorders - Quality Institute sees no evidence for the benefits of EMDR Deutsches Ärzteblatt 2020, Volume 117, Issue 10 of March 6, 2020, Page A474
  16. ↑ IQWiG: No indication of any benefit from EMDR in anxiety disorders, press release from October 8, 2019, Link
  17. ↑ M. Hase, S. Schallmeyer, M. Sack: EMDR Reprocessing of the addiction memory: Pretreatment, posttreatment, and 1 month follow up. In: Journal for EMDR Practice and Research . Vol. 2 (3), 2008, pp. 170-179.
  18. ^ R. Ricci, C. Clayton, F. Shapiro: Some effects of EMDR on previously abused child molesters . In: Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology , 17 (4), 2006, pp. 538-562.
  19. ^ Fischer, Riedesser: textbook of psychotraumatology . Ernst Reinhardt Verlag, Munich 2009, p. 250
  20. ↑ therapists. Retrieved February 18, 2020 .
  21. ↑ Michelle Van Etten, Steven Taylor: Comparative efficacy of treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis . In: Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy , 5 (3), 1998, pp. 126-145. doi : 10.1002 / (SICI) 1099-0879 (199809) 5: 3 <126 :: AID-CPP153> 3.0.CO; 2-H
  22. ^ C. Alto: Meta-analysis of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing efficacy studies in the treatment of PTSD . Doctoral dissertation, Seton Hall University, 2001.
  23. ^ Paul R. Davidson, Kevin C. Parker: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A meta-analysis . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69 (2), 2001, pp. 305-316. doi: 10.1037 / 0022-006X.69.2.305
  24. ^ Louise Maxfield, Lee Hyer: The relationship between efficacy and methodology in studies investigating EMDR treatment in PTSD . (PDF; 118 kB) In: Journal of Clinical Psychology , 58 (1), 2002, pp. 23–41.
  25. ↑ Jonathan Bisson, Martin Andrew: Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) . (PDF) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 3. Art. No .: CD003388. doi: 10.1002 / 14651858.CD003388.pub3 .
  26. ↑ Rebekah Bradley, Jamelle Greene, EricRuss, Lissa Dutra, Drew West: A multidimensional meta-analyzes of psychotherapy for PTSD . ( Memento of the original from April 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: American Journal of Psychiatry , 162 (2), 2005, pp. 215-227. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ajp.psychiatryonline.org
  27. ↑ Jonathan I Bisson, Anke Ehlers, Rosa Matthews, Stephen Pilling, David Richards, Stuart Turner). Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis . (PDF; 214 kB) In: British Journal of Psychiatry , 190 (2), 2007, pp. 97-104.
  28. ↑ Guenther Seidler, Frank Wagner: Comparing the efficacy of EMDR and trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of PTSD: A meta-analytic study . In: Psychological Medicine , 36 (11), 2006, pp. 1515-1522. doi: 10.1017 / S0033291706007963
  29. ^ Allen Rubin: Unanswered questions about the empirical support for EMDR in the treatment of PTSD: A review of research . ( Memento of the original from June 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 206 kB) In: Traumatology , 9 (1), 2003, pp. 4–30. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / tmt.sagepub.com
  30. ^ J. Shepherd, K. Stein, R. Milne: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A review of an emerging therapy . In: Psychological Medicine , 30 (4), 2000, pp. 863-871.
  31. ^ Louise Maxfield, Kristine Lake, Lee Hyer: Some answers to unanswered questions about the empirical support for EMDR in the treatment of PTSD .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 117 kB) In: Traumatology , 10 (2), 2004, pp. 73–89.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / tmt.sagepub.com  
  32. ↑ Katherine M. Hertlein, Ronald J. Ricci: A systematic research synthesis of EMDR studies: Implementation of the platinum standard .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 242 kB) In: Trauma, Violence, & Abuse , 5 (3), 2004, pp. 285-300.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / tva.sagepub.com  
  33. ↑ Bisson JI et al. 2007, p. bibliography
  34. ↑ Guenter H. Seidler, Frank E. Wagner: Comparing the efficacy of EMDR and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of PTSD: a meta-analytic study . In: Psychological Medicine . tape 36 , no. 11 , November 2006, ISSN  0033-2917 , p. 1515–1522 , doi : 10.1017 / S0033291706007963 ( cambridge.org [accessed March 16, 2020]).
  35. ↑ Wietse Tol. Corrado Barbui, Mark van Ommeren (2013). Management ofAcuteStress, PTSD, and Bereavement WHO Recommendations. JAMA August 7, 2013 Volume 310, Number 5, 477-478.
  36. ↑ Schulz, Sandra et al. 2015, p. Bibliography.
  37. ↑ Scientific Advisory Board for Psychotherapy according to § 11 PsychThG: Expert opinion on the scientific recognition of the EMDR method (Eye-Movement-Desensitization and Reprocessing) for the treatment of adjustment and stress disorders and for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents . In: Bundesärztekammer (Ed.): Deutsches Ärzteblatt . tape 15 , no. 112 . Berlin April 10, 2015, p. 694 .
  38. ^ Herbert, Lilienfeld, Lohr, Montgomery, O'Donohue, Rosen, Tolin: Science and pseudoscience in the development of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: implications for clinical psychology . In: Clinical psychology review . tape 20 , no. 8 (November), 2000, pp. 945-971 , PMID 11098395 .
  39. ↑ cf. but also Richard J. McNally: Is the Pseudoscience Concept Useful for Clinical Psychology? The Demise of Pseudoscience . In: The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice . tape 2 , no. 2 , 2003 ( srmhp.org ).
  40. ↑ Martin Sack , Johannes Kruse: Randomized controlled study to investigate the mechanisms of action of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) treatment. gepris.dfg.de and Martin Sack, Stefanie Zehl, Alexander Otti, Claas Lahmann, Markus Stingl (2014): Effective factors of EMDR treatment: Are eye movements really necessary? http://react-profile.org/ebook/Psycho2014/Abstractbuch/files/assets/common/downloads/01_Psycho%202014_Abstractbuch.pdf
  41. ↑ medscapemedizin.de
  42. ↑ “it may be argued that exposure alone is the operative component” (p. 19), according to Patrick A. Boudewyns, Leon A. Hyer: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) . In: Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy . tape 3 , no. 3 , 1996, p. 185-195 .
  43. ↑ “data do not support a role for eye movements in emotional processing during EMDR” (p. 426), so Roger K. Pitman, Scott P. Orr, Bruce Altman, Ronald E. Longpre, Roger E. Poire, Michael L. Macklin: Emotional processing during eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy of Vietnam veterans with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder . In: Comprehensive Psychiatry . tape 22 , no. 6 , 1996, pp. 419-429 .
  44. ↑ Christopher William Lee, Pim Cuijpers, 2013, p. Reading list
  45. ^ J Herbert: Science and pseudoscience in the development of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Implications for clinical psychology . In: Clinical Psychology Review . tape 20 , no. 8 , November 2000, pp. 945-971 , doi : 10.1016 / S0272-7358 (99) 00017-3 ( elsevier.com [accessed March 16, 2020]).
  46. ↑ Anna-Konstantina Richter, Günter H. Seidler, Frank E. Wagner: EMDR in the past, present and future: EMDR's entry into non-medical psychotherapy direct study and how more research on EMDR can succeed. In: Trauma & Violence . tape 13 , no. 3 , August 2019, ISSN  1863-7167 , p. 248–260 , doi : 10.21706 / tg-13-3-248 ( klett-cotta.de [accessed on March 16, 2020]).
  47. ^ Paul R. Davidson, Kevin CH Parker: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A meta-analysis. In: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology . tape 69 , no. 2 , 2001, ISSN  1939-2117 , p. 305-316 , doi : 10.1037 / 0022-006X.69.2.305 ( apa.org [accessed March 16, 2020]).
  48. ↑ Anna-Konstantina Richter, Günter H. Seidler, Frank E. Wagner: EMDR in the past, present and future: EMDR's entry into non-medical psychotherapy direct study and how more research on EMDR can succeed. In: Trauma & Violence . tape 13 , no. 3 , August 2019, ISSN  1863-7167 , p. 248–260 , doi : 10.21706 / tg-13-3-248 ( klett-cotta.de [accessed on March 16, 2020]).
  49. ^ Louise Maxfield, Lee Hyer: The relationship between efficacy and methodology in studies investigating EMDR treatment of PTSD . In: Journal of Clinical Psychology . tape 58 , no. 1 , January 2002, ISSN  0021-9762 , p. 23-41 , doi : 10.1002 / jclp.1127 ( wiley.com [accessed March 16, 2020]).