Energy-saving light sources

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Example of energy-saving lighting: LED street lamp in Tallinn

Energy-saving light sources are light sources that meet the requirements of the EU framework directive Ecodesign directive and its specific country-specific regulations. With this Regulation (EC) No. 244/2009 of the Commission of March 18, 2009 for the implementation of Directive 2005/32 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to the specification of requirements for the environmentally sound design of household lamps with unbundled light were Minimum requirements with regard to energy efficiency and the quality of various light sources used in households are specified. The product requirements are formulated in a technology-neutral manner and do not prescribe any specific technology. The aim is to replace light sources with lower energy efficiency with those with higher energy efficiency and thus lower energy consumption.

Overview

Energy-saving lamps include LED lamps , compact fluorescent lamps , sodium vapor lamps , metal halide lamps and coated halogen lamps , with the energy savings being very different compared to conventional incandescent lamps.

Compact fluorescent lamps

The compact fluorescent lamp is one of the fluorescent lamps ; it is a mercury vapor low pressure lamp . Compact fluorescent lamps have been on the market since the early 1980s; their development is considered largely completed. The efficiency today is around 50 to 60  lm / W , which means around 80% savings compared to normal incandescent lamps. The shelf life is usually 6,000 to 10,000 hours; however, frequent switching cycles result in a significantly shorter service life for many lamps. A high operating temperature (due to low cooling due to narrow or closed lights) also greatly reduces the service life.

Compact fluorescent lamps contain mercury (a toxic and dangerous heavy metal); they must therefore be disposed of in a laborious manner. Defective lamps must be taken back and must not be disposed of with household waste. Due to the low response rate of around 10% at the beginning of the 2010s, compact fluorescent lamps are ecologically problematic.

Compact fluorescent lamps are usually larger than comparable incandescent lamps. A clear glass bulb is technically not possible because the primary emission occurs in the UV range and a white fluorescent substance is required inside the gas discharge tube for conversion into visible light. The light spectrum is less uniform (i.e. discontinuous) than with incandescent lamps, which means that colors are less recognizable.

Halogen lamp

Halogen lamps are incandescent lamps that shine with a higher temperature of the filament than conventional incandescent lamps; this increases the light output. These lamps are usually around 33% more economical than a normal incandescent lamp, but are nowhere near as efficient as an LED lamp. The average lifespan is usually given as 2000 or 3000 hours. Halogen lamps are basically dimmable. However, strong dimming reduces the service life, since the halogen effect, which transports the evaporated material back to the filament, requires a minimum temperature on the inside wall of the bulb, which is not reached or only to a limited extent during dimming.

Metal halide lamp

Metal halide lamps are metal vapor gas discharge lamps with additions of halogens and rare earths . The color rendering index is high and the color temperature can be adjusted by the filling. They are used for daylight-like illumination of displays and are used in spotlights for film and television, theater lighting and for exhibition halls. The light output is over 100 lm / W.

LED

Components of a 1000 lumen LED lamp

Commercially available light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for lighting purposes have an efficiency of over 150 lm / W and more as of 2015  ; in 2013 the values ​​were 70 lm / W. At the beginning of the 2010s, a minimum service life of 25,000 operating hours and over 12,500 possible switch-on and switch-off processes were generally stated. The information on the packaging is, for example, 15 years service life. The service life (light degradation) of an LED is the time after which the luminous flux has dropped to 70% of the initial value. In the 2000s, the markings on the sales packaging of LEDs were often imprecise. Back then, many LEDs were still bluish while customers expected white light. Since 2011, in addition to the electrical power consumption, the packaging has mostly indicated luminous flux, color temperature and color rendering index .

Sodium vapor lamp

The sodium vapor lamp is one of the most efficient light sources. It is available in two different forms: high pressure sodium lamp (up to 150 lm / W) and low pressure sodium lamp (up to 200 lm / W). The disadvantage of the sodium vapor lamp is its monochromatic light with a yellow-orange hue, which hardly allows color vision. However, the contrast vision in the spectral range of the sodium vapor lamp is high. Sodium vapor lamps are therefore only used as a means of lighting where color vision is not important. Examples are the night lighting of industrial sites as well as public traffic routes and squares. Because of the monochromatic light, they are suitable for lighting in darkrooms .

Comparison table of different electrical illuminants

The following table gives an overview of the power consumption of different types of light sources with the same brightness (physically: luminous flux in lumens ) as a 60 W incandescent lamp.

Lamp type Typical
performance
recording
in watts 		Light output
in lumens per watt 		Savings compared to an incandescent lamp Energy
efficiency class 		Production costs Lifespan dimmable
Color rendering index
Lightbulb 40-60 about 12 - D-G very low very low Yes until 100
Halogen lamp 7-60 15-27 up to 30% B-F low low Yes until 100
Compact fluorescent lamp 5-15 40-65 up to 80% FROM high high Rare 70 ... 84
Metal halide lamp 20–400 (household) 50-117 over 85% - high medium   60… 95
LED bulbs 3-20 80 to more than 150 over 90% A. high very high frequently 80… 95
Sodium vapor lamp 35-1000 100-200 over 95% - medium high partially 18… 30

legislation

Limits of the energy efficiency classes for lamps

European Union

On March 18, 2009, the European Commission created Regulation (EC) No. 244/2009 on the basis of Directive 2005/32 / EC (Eco-Design Directive) of the European Parliament and the Council with regard to the definition of requirements for the Environmentally friendly design of household lamps with unbundled light , which includes a 6-step plan for replacing incandescent lamps with energy-saving lamps . Since Directive 2005/32 / EC (2010) came into force, the term “energy-saving lamp” may only be used for energy-saving lamps of energy efficiency class A.

In the first stage, starting September 1, 2009, the manufacture and import of light sources worse than efficiency class C (see diagram on the right) were prohibited. The first exceptions were clear lamps with a maximum luminous flux of 950 lm, which corresponds to a 75 W incandescent lamp, as well as certain designs such as reflectors of the R63, R80 etc. standard. This limit fell to 725 lm / 60 W and 450 lm on the first of September of the following years / 40 W, as of September 2012, the exception rule was then completely repealed.

In level 5 in 2013, the requirements for the residual brightness of compact fluorescent lamps after the nominal service life were tightened (instead of 50%, 70% of the brightness must now remain). In the last level 6, which came into effect in 2016, efficiency class C was omitted.

Germany

In Germany, this EU framework directive EbP-RL, relating to lighting, is legally implemented in the form of two separate ordinances:

  1. Regulation (EC) No. 244/2009 of the Commission of March 18, 2009 implementing Directive 2005/32 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to the establishment of environmentally compatible design requirements for household lamps with unbundled light .
  2. Regulation (EC) No. 245/2009 of the Commission of March 18, 2009 for the implementation of Directive 2005/32 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to the specification of requirements for the environmentally friendly design of fluorescent lamps without built-in ballast, high pressure discharge lamps and Ballasts and luminaires for their operation and for the repeal of Directive 2000/55 / ​​EC .

The first regulation relates to light sources that are primarily, but not exclusively, used in households. This ordinance results in the replacement of conventional incandescent lamps with more energy-efficient lamps such as compact fluorescent lamps, LED lamps or coated halogen lamps. The second regulation concerns the replacement of some high-pressure gas discharge lamps, such as high-pressure mercury vapor lamps with a low efficiency class, with light sources such as sodium vapor lamps or metal halide lamps .

United States

In California , the California Energy Commission has prescribed GU24 sockets for new buildings and renovations since 2008 to ensure the use of energy-saving light sources. Adapters for using light bulbs on GU24 sockets are prohibited. Lamps with a GU24 base are now also subject to limit values ​​for light flicker .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Directive 2005/32 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2005 on the creation of a framework for the definition of requirements for the environmentally compatible design of energy-using products and on the amendment of Directive 92/42 / EEC of the Council and the directives 96/57 / EC and 2000/55 / ​​EC of the European Parliament and of the Council . In: Official Journal of the European Union . L 191, July 22, 2005, pp. 29-58.
  2. ↑ The take-back system from Lightcycle , Lightcycle.de
  3. ^ A b Vincenzo Balzani , Giacomo Bergamini and Paola Ceroni, Light: A Very Peculiar Reactant and Product . In: Angewandte Chemie International Edition 54, Issue 39, (2015), 11320–11337, doi : 10.1002 / anie.201502325 .
  4. ↑ EU decrees more transparency and quality for light sources , Osram press release, June 1, 2009
  5. ↑ Martin Schäfer: Life after the light bulb: Warm and diffuse light , Stuttgarter Zeitung, September 2, 2009
  6. ↑ Osram family data sheet HALOSTAR ECO
  7. ↑ a b In principle, only a few fluorescent lamps (~ 15%) but many LED lamps (~ 45%) can be dimmed using phase control . Whether this is possible with a given lamp depends on its internal ballast .
  8. ↑ Medium to poor quality lamps, cf. Calderon et al., LED bulbs technical specification and testing procedure for solar home systems . In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 41, (2015), 506-520, doi : 10.1016 / j.rser.2014.08.057 .
  9. ↑ ErP - the second stage of the legal regulation for the way to a more efficient future is just around the corner! ( Memento of the original from June 30, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Changes from 2010 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lighting.philips.at
  10. ↑ Guide to LED lamps and LED spots. In: topten.ch. July 12, 2012, accessed May 5, 2019 .
  11. ↑ Regulation (EC) No. 244/2009 . In: EUR-Lex .
  12. ↑ Regulation (EC) No. 244/2009 , implementation of Directive 2005/32 / EC, Federal Environment Agency.
  13. ↑ Regulation (EC) No. 245/2009 , implementation of Directive 2005/32 / EC, Federal Environment Agency.
  14. ↑ GU24: New Pin-Base for CFLs, LEDs. In: Environmental Building News. BuildingGreen.com, October 1, 2011, archived from the original on February 5, 2014 ; accessed on February 26, 2018 (English).
  15. ↑ Jon McHugh: Measuring Flickr: California's JA10 Test Method and Its Uses. (PDF; 1.2 MB) (presentation slides, EnergyStar Webinar, June 30 2016), in: McHugh Energy (Ed.), Energystar.gov, USA, 2016, (English), accessed on March 28, 2017.