Five-language mirror

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The five-language mirror or the five-language word mirror or, with the full title, the dictionary of Manchurian in five languages ​​created on imperial orders, dates back to the 18th century and is a comprehensive glossary in Manchurian , Tibetan , Mongolian , Chagatai and Chinese .

title

  • Manchurian:
    han-i araha sunja hacin-i hergen kamciha manju gisun-i buleku bithe
    ᡥᠠᠨ ᡳ
    ᠠᡵᠠᡥᠠ
    ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ
    ᡥᠠᠴᡳᠨ ᡳ
    ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ
    ᡴᠠᠮᠴᡳᡥᠠ
    ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
    ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ᡳ
    ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ
    ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝ᠈
  • Tibetan:
    rgyal pos mdzad pa'i skad lnga shan sbyar yi manydzu'i skad gsal ba'i me long
    རྒྱལ་ པོས་ མཛད་ པའི་ སྐད་ ལྔ་ ཤན་ སྦྱར་ གྱི་ མཉཛུའ ི་ སྐད་ གསལ་ བའི་ མེ ་ ལོང་ །
  • Mongolian:
    qaɣan-u bičigsen tabun ǰüil-ün üsüg-iyer qabsuruɣsan manǰu ügen-ü toli bičig
    ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ
    ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ
    ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ
    ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ
    ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ
    ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ
    ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ
    ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ
    ᠲᠣᠯᠢ
    ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ᠌᠈
  • Chagatai:
    ḫān-nīng fütükän beš qismī qōšqān ḫät mānǧū söz-nīng ayrī mäčīn ḫätī
    خان نينک فوتوکن بش قڛمی قوشقان خت مانجو ڛوزنينک ايری مجين ختی nastaliq
  • Chinese:
    Yù zhì wǔ tǐ Qīng wén jiàn « 御 製 五 體 清 文 鑑 »

Origin and structure

The first page from the dictionary of five languages

The five-language mirror was created under the Qianlong emperor and has 2563 pages with 18 671 entries, which are categorized according to a three-level hierarchy. Each entry consists of eight columns, as in this example entry for the Manchurian word abka ᠠᠪᡴᠠ ("Sky", columns on the left in the figure):

Explanation entry Latin transcription
1st entry in Manchurian ᠠᠪᡴᠠ᠈ abka
2. Translation into Tibetan གནམ ། gnam
3. Transliteration of Tibetan into Manchurian script ᡤᠨᠠᠮ gnam
4. Transcription of the pronunciation of Tibetan into Manchurian script ᠨᠠᠮ nam
5. Translation into Mongolian ᠲᠨᠭᠷᠢ᠈ t [e] ngri
6. Translation into Chagatai آڛمان āsmān
7. Transcription of Chagatai into Manchurian script ᠠᠰᠮᠠᠨ asman
8. Translation into Chinese 天 tiān

Two transcriptions in Manchurian script are added to the Tibetan translations: the first reproduces the Tibetan spelling, so it is a transliteration ; the second roughly reproduces the Tibetan pronunciation in the dialect of Lhasa at the time. At that time, Chagatai was a widespread written form of a Central Asian Turkic language . The pronunciation in Manchurian script is also attached to Chagatai in the lexicon. Some of the Chinese translations show peculiarities of the northern Chinese colloquial language or the dialect of Beijing at the time. The pronunciation of the Chinese characters is not given separately.

In some cases, pairs of words in selected languages ​​are not literal translations or equivalents, but descriptions and new creations that cannot be found elsewhere.

expenditure

Three well-known manuscripts of the work have survived: one in the Palace Museum in Beijing , one in the Lama Temple - also in Beijing - and one in the British Library (holdings of the British Museum ) in London . A printed version does not seem to exist.

In 1957, a publishing house in Beijing published a photomechanical reproduction of the work. In 1967 a text edition appeared in Japan which, in addition to Chinese, only takes into account transliterations of the Manchu and Manchurian transcriptions of the other languages, but gives Japanese translations:

  • Tamura Jitsuzō ( 田村 實 造 ), Imanishi Shunjū ( 今 西 春秋 ), Satō Hisashi ( 佐藤 長 ; ed.): Gotai Shinbun kan yakukai ( 五 體 淸 文 鑑 譯 解 ). Kyōto, Kyōto daigaku bungakubu nairiku Ajia kenkyūjo ( 京都 大學 文學 部 內陸 ア ジ ア 硏 究 所 ) Shōwa 41–43 [1966–1968].

In 1998, the 1957 reproduction was reissued in Beijing. In 2013 an extensively edited edition appeared in Germany:

  • Oliver Corff, Kyoko Maezono, Wolfgang Lipp, Dorjpalam Dorj, Görööchin Gerelmaa, Aysima Mirsultan, Réka Stüber, Byambajav Töwshintögs, Xieyan Li (eds.): Dictionary of Manjur in five languages ​​created on imperial orders. "Five language mirror". Systematically arranged vocabulary in Manjurian, Tibetan, Mongolian, Turki and Chinese. Complete romanized and revised edition with text-critical comments, German explanations and indices. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz 2013, ISBN 978-3-447-06970-0 .

literature

  • Chūn Huā 春花: Qīngdài Mǎn-Méngwén “fēnlèi cídiǎn” de fāzhǎn yǎnbiàn 清代 满蒙 文 “分类 词典” 的 发展 演变. In: Gùgōng bówùyuàn bāshí huádànjì guójì Qīng shǐ xuéshù yántǎohuì lùnwén «故宫 博物院 八十 华诞 暨 国际 清史 学术研讨会 论文集» (2006), pp. 596–602 页.
  • Chūn Huā 春花: “Yù zhì Qīngwén jiàn” lèimù tǐxì láiyuán kǎo «御 制 清 文 鉴》 类目 体系 来源 考». In: Shěnyáng gùgōng bówùyuàn yuànkān «沈 阳 故宫 博物院 院 刊» 3 (2007), pp. 107–115.
  • Gǔ Wényì 古文 义, Mǎ Hóngwǔ 马宏武, Féng Yíngfú 冯迎福: “Yù zhì Qīngwén jiàn” Hàn Zàng wénjiàn zhuānjí «御 制 五 体 清 文 鉴》 汉藏 文 鉴 专辑». Xining, Qīnghǎi mínzú chūbǎnshè 青海 民族 出版社 1990.
  • Ishibashi Takao 石橋 崇 雄: “Han i araha manju gisun i buleku bithe (Gyosei shinbunkan)” kō tokuni sono goi kaishakuchū no shutten o megutte 「han i araha manJu gisun i buleku bithe, (御 製 語彙 清 そ 考 考 製 製 清 文 文 考 釈 製 清 文 文 考 製 製 清 文 文 考 釈 製 清 そ 文 考 製 清 文 文 考 製 清 文 文の 出典 を め ぐ っ て. In: Kokushikan daigaku bungakubu jinbun gakkai 国 士 舘 大学 文学 部 人文 学会 (Ed.): Kokushikan daigaku bungakubu jinbun gakkai kiyō bessatsu「国 士 舘 大学 文学 部 人文 学会 紀要 紀要」 冊 冊 1– 67 (1989.
  • Shōgaito Masahiro 庄 垣 内 正弘: “Gotai shinbunkan” 18 seiki shinuigurugo no seikaku ni tsuite 「五 体 淸 文 鑑」 18 世紀 新 ウ イ グ ル 語 の 性格 に つ い て. In: Gengo kenkyū「言語 研究」 75 (1979), pp. 31-53.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ According to the translation of the title from the German edition by Corff et al.