Füzesabony-Gubakút

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Füzesabony-Gubakút is a settlement of the Neolithic Alföld linear ceramics (AVK) of the Szatmár group from the 6th millennium, which was excavated in the course of rescue excavations on the route of the M3 motorway . It is located in the district of Füzesabony in Heves County in northeastern Hungary, on the northern edge of the Hungarian lowlands south of the Mátra Mountains. The site is about 3 km west of the road from Füszesabony to Dormánd on a terrace of the Laskó , about 150 km from the river.

Research history

The site was discovered in 1993 during field inspections . The excavations in advance of the construction of the motorway began in the spring of 1995 and continued into the following year. The Hungarian National Museum in Budapest presented the finds in 1997 in a larger exhibition on the results of the rescue excavations on the M3.

Settlement construction

The settlement consists of at least 13 houses and numerous pits. The settlement consists of four parallel rows of houses, which are accompanied by elongated, house-parallel pits, wells and burials. The rectangular houses have two wings and are between three and eight rows of posts long. There are one to five houses in a row, but the settlement has not been completely excavated. Only areas with clear magnetic anomalies and rich surface finds were pushed away, but the areas between the individual excavation areas have been investigated by test cuts. The four rows of houses (1st and 2nd western, 1st and 2nd eastern row, here called rows 1–4 from west to east for the sake of simplicity) were apparently laid out one after the other, progressing from west to east. House floor plans that are very close together indicate an internal chronology of the individual rows. This arrangement of houses in rows can already be found in the previous Körös culture .

In the oldest pits, in addition to Szatmár material, Körös ceramics were also found. The excavator, László Domboróczki from Dobó István Vármúzeum in Eger, uses the data from the adjacent pits to date the houses and assigns them to different phases (early, transitional and late). A total of 16 C 14 data have been published (bones).

John Chapman from Newcastle University suggests a slightly different phase separation. The early phase would therefore be around 6400-5370 cal. BC passed into the middle phase, which was replaced at 5250-5200 cal. BC of the late phase. According to Chapman, the first western row (row 1) was built first, it contains houses from its early and middle phases, so houses 1 and 6 consisted of two phases. In addition, pit 135 was created in the later row 4. Rows 2 and 4 belong to the middle phase, while the only excavated house 10 in row 3 was inhabited in the middle and late phase. Matching shards often scatter over several pits, which for Domboróczki indicates extreme inspection. This would have created the settlement as a hamlet , growing into a village in the next phase , ending with a single house. This assumes that all originally existing houses have been preserved, have been excavated and that the finds from the pits actually date the enclosed houses. The published plan seems to indicate, however, that the preservation is getting worse towards the east (lack of the middle post row).

Houses

The houses are two-aisled longhouses in post construction, the walls probably consisted of clay wattle. Füzesabony-Gubakút clearly shows that the carriers of the AVK did not live in so-called residential pits , as was often assumed in the past , as the often small excavation cuttings suggested. This finding has since been confirmed in other settlements. Domboróczski assumes a small group of residents, with four people per house 36 people would have lived in the settlement.

Burials

A total of 13 burials were uncovered, mostly near the corners of the house. These are mostly children's graves, but there are no newborns. House 1 was accompanied by three burials in the surrounding pits (graves 7–9). Most of the settlement burials in rows 1–2 belong to the middle phase. The graves were laid out very shallow and only slightly or not at all sunk into the natural ground. Seven graves contained pearls made of spondylus, marble or limestone, one a clay vessel. The dead lay in a crouched position, mostly with their heads facing southeast.

Finds

The pottery was made from unprocessed local clay. It is organically lean and was burned at temperatures below 700 ° C.

The finds also include anthropomorphic idols with mostly triangular faces, toned altars and miniature vessels . A number of figurines were found that represent hybrid creatures , so-called " centaurs ", quadrupeds with a human face and partly female breasts. The shoulders and hips are usually provided with eyelets. Parallels come from Mezőkövesd-Mocsolyás , among others .

Sheep predominate among the animal bones, cattle are rarely occupied, which is astonishing in view of the humid environment.

literature

  • László Domboróczki: Füzesabony-Gubakút. Újkőkori falu a Kr. E. VI. évezredből - Neolithic village from the 6th Millennium BC. In: Pál Raczky, Tibor Kovács, Alexandra Anders (eds.): Utak a múltba. Az M3-as autópálya régészeti leletmentései - Paths in to the Past. Rescue Excavations on the M3 Motorway . Magyar nemzeti Múzeum, Budapest 1997, pp. 19-27, 162-164.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Lázló Domboróczski: Füzesabony Gubakút, ujkőkori falu a Kr èvezredből.. In: Pál Tackzky, Tibor Kovács, Alexandra Anders (eds.): Utak a múltba, Az M3-As autopálya régészeti lelementései. Magyar nemzeti Múzeum, Budapest, p. 26.
  2. ↑ Pál Tackzky, Tibor Kovács, Alexandra Anders (eds.): Utak a múltba, Az M3-As autopálya régészeti lelementései. Magyar nemzeti Múzeum, Budapest.
  3. ↑ László Domboróczki: The older phase of the Neolithic in North-Eastern Hungary in the light of archaeological finds from Heves County - Az újkőkor idősebb szakasza ÉK-Magyarországon, a Heves megyei régészeti leletek fényében. In: E. Vento Mir, P. Guérin (eds.): Early Farmers in Europe - A korai földművelők Európában. Catalog. Valencia 2001, pp. 31, 44-45; László Domboróczki: Neolithic Cult Objects and their Symbolism. In: Alexandra Anders, Gabriella Kulcsá, Gábor Kalla, Viktória Kiss Gábor V. Szabó (eds.): Moments in Time. Papers Presented to Pál Raczky on his 60th Birthday. Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, L'Harmattan 2013, p. 489.
  4. ↑ These pits could be dated to the period between 5620 and 5470 cal. BC (1σ). László Domboróczki: Report on the excavation at Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza-Puszta and a new model for the spread of the Körös culture. In: Janusz Krzysztof Kozłowski, Pál Raczky (eds.): Neolithization of the Carpathian basin: northernmost distribution of the Starčevo / Körös culture. Papers presented on the symposium organized by the EU project FEPRE (The Formation of Europe: Population Dynamics and the Roots of Socio-Cultural Diversity) . Kraków, Polska Akademia Umiejętności; Budapest, Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the Eötvös Loránd University 2010, p. 140.
  5. ↑ László Domboróczki: Radiocarbon dates from Neolithic archaeological sites in Heves county (North-East Hungary) / Radiocarbon adatok Heves megye újkőkori régészeti lelőhelyeiről. In: Agria. 39, 2003, pp. 5-71.
  6. ↑ John Chapman: Meet the ancestors: settlement histories in the Neolithic. In: Douglas Bailey, Alastair Whittle, Daniela Hofmann, Living well together? Settlement and materiality in the Neolithic of Southeast and Central Europe . Oxford, Oxbow 2008, pp. 68-80.
  7. ↑ László Domboróczki: Radiocarbon dates from Neolithic archaeological sites in Heves county (North-East Hungary). In: Agria. 39, 2003, figs. 5-6.
  8. ↑ John Chapman: Meet the ancestors: settlement histories in the Neolithic. In: Douglas Bailey, Alastair Whittle, Daniela Hofmann: Living well together? Settlement and materiality in the Neolithic of Southeast and Central Europe . Oxbow, Oxford 2008, p. 74.
  9. ↑ László Domboróczki: Radiocarbon dates from Neolithic archaeological sites in Heves county North-East Hungary. In: Agria. 39, 2003.
  10. ↑ Lázló Domboróczski: Füzesabony Gubakút, ujkőkori falu a Kr èvezredből.. In: Pál Raczky, Tibor Kovács, Alexandra Anders (eds.): Utak a múltba, Az M3-As autopálya régészeti lelementései. Magyar nemzeti Múzeum, Budapest, p. 27.
  11. ↑ Lázló Domboróczski: Füzesabony Gubakút, ujkőkori falu a Kr èvezredből.. In: Pál Tackzky, Tibor Kovács, Alexandra Anders (eds.): Utak a múltba, Az M3-As autopálya régészeti lelementései. Magyar nemzeti Múzeum, Budapest, p. 27.
  12. ↑ Lázló Domboróczski: Füzesabony Gubakút, ujkőkori falu a Kr èvezredből.. In: Pal Raczky, Tibor Kovács, Alexandra Anders (eds.): Utak a múltba, Az M3-As autopálya régészeti lelementései. Magyar nemzeti Múzeum, Budapest, p. 27.
  13. ↑ Veronika Szilágyi, György Szakmány: Petrographic and geochemical study of ceramics of Neolithic settlements on the northern boundary of the Great Hungarian Plain - Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza (Körös culture) and Füzesabony-Gubakút (ALP culture, Szatmár group). In: Archeometriai Műhely. 2007/3, p. 41. HU ISSN  1786-271X ; urn: nbn: hu-4106
  14. ↑ Pál Raczky, Tibor Kovács, Alexandra Anders (ed.): Utak a múltba, Az M3 As Autopalya régészeti lelementései. Magyar nemzeti Múzeum, Budapest, fig. 5, p. 22.
  15. ^ Eszter Bánffy : Eastern, Central and Western Hungary - variations of Neolithization models . In: Documenta Praehistorica. 33, 2006, p. 128.
  16. ↑ Lázló Domboróczski: Füzesabony Gubakút, ujkőkori falu a Kr èvezredből.. In: Pal Raczky, Tibor Kovács, Alexandra Anders (eds.): Utak a múltba, Az M3-As autopálya régészeti lelementései. Magyar nemzeti Múzeum, Budapest, p. 27.