fake
The word Fake (English for forgery is) a Anglizismus that often in German as a prefix is needed.
Meanings
The linguist Susanne Flach differentiates between six meaning groups. So fake is used to
- an imitation (e.g. fake Rolex ),
- Things that only appear to be like that (e.g. fake democrat ),
- a troll as a fake user or fake writer ,
- invented things,
- something posed (e.g. fake documentary ), or
- a person with a dishonest character (e.g. you are such a fake! )
to describe.
The word had increasingly established itself in German usage by the mid-2000s. People who spread fakes are called fakers , the verb is faken . Fake was nominated for Anglicism of the Year 2013.
In the art context, the word fake also has its own meaning.
Fakes in the media context
Counterfeits in the media are referred to by the term fake ; This also includes manipulated videos that are distributed on the Internet (for example on video portals ) and that presume a supposedly real event, but are actually electronically retouched .
Deepfake
Videos in turn, the real using faces or photos using the aid of by "self-learning algorithms " ( -> " Artificial intelligence " AI developed) software - applications ( "apps") are manufactured or manipulated, as " Deepfake designated" ("deep, extensive forgery").
Fake news
With the election of Donald Trump as the 45th President of the United States , the discussion about fake news , its use and its effect, especially on social media , about possible influencing of the election and a possible ban, its punishment, control and deletion gained considerably in importance.
Fake in the art context
Ever since the visual arts began to analyze their artistic means in the 20th century and to ask the question of the authenticity of their works of art, the term fake has been defined in the artistic sense. The works of Marcel Duchamp , and later Andy Warhol or Sigmar Polke, question the relationship between the original and the copy in a new way. If Duchamp imports manufactured goods from everyday life into the art context with his readymades , existing pictures are re-exhibited by artists such as Richard Prince or Sherrie Levine and the forgeries themselves are declared works of art.
“The term fake means a mimetic imitation of another work of art, which, in contrast to the forgery itself, indicates its counterfeit character. An artist reproduced photographs of Walker Evans; She presented these own photographs in a similar way to the model; the title, »Sherrie Levine After Walker Evans«, identifies the work as appropriation that reflects the changed contextual and conceptual conditions of the identical image. The fake is aimed at an art-historical cognition process by means of a precise image examination: The reproduction is no longer morally condemned as a forgery, but the fake is viewed as a critique of the institution of art and its ideology of the original. "
For Stefan Römer , the short text The Fake as More, by Cheryl Bernstein by Carol Duncan marks a new beginning in the history of forgery. Carol Duncan published the fictional story about the art historian Cheryl Bernstein, but did not reveal the fiction as such until 13 years later. In The Fake as More, the alleged art historian Bernstein discussed an exhibition that never took place of this kind. Duncan's fake is so important because the author does not need a materially produced image. Only their text evokes certain images and the essence of their meaning in the minds of the reader. For the art discussion it was completely irrelevant whether the exhibition had actually taken place or not. With the fake, an institutional change is undertaken that requires a fundamental reorientation of art history. The exhibition X for U - Pictures that Lies brought together examples of how facts and events can be manipulated through image falsification.
See also
literature
- Frank Arnau: The Art of The Faker - 3,000 Years of Deception . Boston, Little Brown & Company, 1959. LCC 61-5317.
- D. Dutton (Ed.): The Forger's Art , Berkeley, University of California Press, 1983.
- Judith Mair, Silke Becker: FAKE for REAL - On the private and political tactics of pretending , Campus Verlag Frankfurt / New York, 2005.
- S. Radnóti: The Fake . Forgery and Its Place in Art. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc., Lanham 1999.
- Stefan Römer: Artistic Strategies of Fake . Criticism of original and fake. DuMont, Cologne 2001, ISBN 3-7701-5532-7 .
- Kay Hoffmann: The Documentary Image in the Age of Digital Manipulation . (PDF) In: Kay Hoffmann (Ed.): Trau-Schau-Wem. Digitization and documentary form . UVK Medien, Konstanz 1997, pp. 13-28.
Web links
- Anatoly Liberman : A fake etymology of the word “fake,” with deep thoughts on “Fagin” and other names in Dickens - on the etymology of the English word fake .
- Candidates for Anglicism 2013: Fake– - linguistic examination of the fake term on the blog platform “Sprachlog” by Susanne Flach, accessed on January 12, 2013.
- Stefan Römer : The concept of fake , dissertation Berlin 1998. With references , accessed on July 8, 2013.
- Fake Dow website from The Yes Men , accessed July 8, 2013.
- Detect fake profiles in social networks
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Candidates for Anglicism 2013: Fake . In: Sprachlog . January 6, 2014 ( sprachlog.de [accessed November 1, 2018]).
- ^ Matthias Heine: Translation, origin and history of the word fake . In: THE WORLD . March 19, 2015 ( welt.de [accessed November 1, 2018]).
- ↑ Embarrassing breakdown in Iran - brand new F-313 fighter jet just a Photoshop fake . Focus Online, February 14, 2013; Retrieved May 26, 2013
- ↑ Video of eagle attack: Real bird or fake? Spiegel Online , December 19, 2012; Retrieved May 26, 2013
- ↑ DerStandard.at January 31, 2018, Muzayen Al-Youssef: Fake revenge porn: Deepfakes are becoming a real problem
- ^ Susanna Partsch : Tatort art . Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-60621-2 , pp. 127-145.
- ↑ Mercedes Bunz: The art copy as a new original - When repetition is art . Artnet, December 15, 2005; Retrieved July 8, 2013.