Fortress pale
A fortress pale is a delimited zone in the vicinity of fortifications in which certain legally regulated building restrictions have been imposed on the landowners for military reasons . The rayons were marked with rayon stones .
A clear field of fire had to be created in front of the fortresses in order to minimize the unpainted space as much as possible. This meant clearing the foreground of all objects that could have provided an enemy cover , and further outside the exposure of firing paths over the main approaches of a potential enemy. Legal regulations on this were issued relatively late. They only date from the 19th century.
Prussia (until 1871)
After the end of the wars of liberation in 1814, a cabinet order regulated the development within the fortress pale: For example, no permanent buildings and enclosing walls were allowed to be built within 800 steps of the covered path . Farther outside, only individual wooden or half-timbered houses were allowed to be built up to a distance of 1300 paces; The reconstruction of entire destroyed cities within a distance of 1700 to 1800 paces is only permitted with permission. In this case, however, the cities must not be surrounded by strong walls, ditches or ramparts. Annual controls were used to monitor compliance with these requirements.
These provisions have become more detailed and tightened over time. In 1828, among other things, specifications for the construction of water mills , windmills , church towers , cemeteries , quarries , clay pits and wood storage areas were issued in the rayon regulations. The boundaries of the districts remained unchanged.
German Empire (from 1871)
In the German Empire , the vicinity of a fortress or a detached plant was divided into three fortress paleons.
The first fortress pale covered the area up to 600 m in front of the covered path , the II. Reached up to 375 m in front of the I. and III. included the area from the borders of the II. to 1275 m in front of the outermost defensive lines. Detached forts did not have a second fortress pale, but with them the area from the boundaries of the first fortress pale up to 1,650 m was subject to that for the III. Paleo of Fortress applicable regulations. Everything else was regulated by the Reichsrayon Act of December 21, 1871.
In all the fortress paleons, all permanent changes in the elevation of the terrain surface, as well as all new hydraulic structures, the creation of large parks and forests and the construction and modification of tower-like structures required the approval of the commandant's office. Within the 2nd Rayon, all massive buildings and ovens with larger dimensions (such as lime and brick ovens) erected for commercial purposes were not permitted, the construction of other buildings in wood or masonry half-timbering as well as burial places required approval.
The fortress commandant's office was appointed in the first instance to resolve all disputes regarding the provisions of the Rayon Law, and the so-called Reichsrayonkommission ( Reichsrayonkommission) was appointed in the higher instance.This was a military commission set up by the emperor in which all federal states, insofar as they had fortresses, were represented.
Similar legal restrictions on building freedom existed in Imperial War ports. The decision-making bodies were the naval station chief and the Federal Council.
France
In France the first fortress paleon went up to 250 m, the II up to 500 m, the III. up to 1000 m. In the first it was not allowed to build at all, in the second only in wood. In the III. Any change to the site was subject to the approval of the headquarters.
literature
- Klaus T. Weber: Rayon - an art landscape. A contribution to the area in front of modern fortresses. In: Living in and with fortresses. Published by the German Society for Fortress Research, editor: Klaus T. Weber, Regensburg 2010, pp. 126–138. (Fortress Research Volume 2). ISBN 978-3-7954-2319-3 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Announcement No. 13: The highest cabinet order of August 24th, 1814, regarding the reconstruction of the buildings that were destroyed outside the works of a fortress, of September 8th, 1814. In: Collection of Laws for the Royal Prussian States 1814, p. 75
- ↑ Announcement No. 1163 of the Prussian Ministry of the Interior, War and Justice: Regulatory on the procedure in the case of structures or other changes to the surface of the earth within the immediate vicinity of the fortresses from September 10, 1828. In: Law Collection for the Royal Prussian States 1828, p. 120-130