Fyodor Viktorovich Winberg

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Fyodor Viktorovich Vinberg (Russian: Фёдор Викторович Винберг * 15 . Jul / 27. July  1868 greg. In Kiev , Russian Empire ; † 14. February 1927 in Paris ) was a Russian officer, author and anti-Semitic ideologue.

biography

Fyodor Wiktorowitsch Winberg was born as the son of Olga Iossifowna Welz (Russian: Ольга Иосифовна Вельц) and a Russian general of the cavalry, Viktor Fyodorowitsch Winberg, who held a prominent position as a member of the supreme war council. Up to the age of 14 Winberg was taught by private tutors, after which he attended a high school in Kiev for three years. After graduating from the Imperial Alexander Lyceum in Saint Petersburg in 1890 , he initially worked for two years in the Ministry of the Interior. At the age of 22 he embarked on a career as an officer and two years later he joined the Uhlan bodyguard regiment of Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna with the rank of Kornet . During the Russian Revolution in 1905 he took part in punitive expeditions in the Baltic States.

Winberg was active in the right-wing extremist Black Hundreds and a member of the Federation of the Russian People and the brotherhood of the Archangel Michael. He occasionally wrote articles for organs of the Black Hundreds. In 1913 he took leave of the army as a colonel and was then appointed court stable master. When the war broke out, Winberg was given command of an infantry regiment, but due to an intervention by the Tsarina, he then took over command of a cavalry regiment. Winberg claimed that he had a close relationship with the Tsarina.

Russian revolution and civil war

After the February Revolution of 1917 , he left the army and was an organizer and chairman of the monarchist association Soyuz voinskowo dolga ( conscription union ). He was also actively involved in the failed Kornilov putsch in September 1917. After the October Revolution, Winberg was brought before a revolutionary tribunal and sentenced to several years of forced labor. During his imprisonment he wrote diary entries with anti-Semitic and anti-liberal content, which he later published under the title “In the Captivity of the Apes”. In May 1918 Winberg was released on an amnesty. He traveled to Kiev, where the monarchist resistance against the Bolsheviks was concentrated. In December 1918 he took part as the commander of a military unit in the defense of the city before the Ukrainian Republican Petlyura Army. After the defeat of the monarchist troops, he was arrested. The execution of his death sentence was prevented by the intervention of a German officer. Winberg then left the Ukraine, as did around 3,000 anti-Bolshevik white officers with the withdrawing German troops, and went to Berlin.

Publications and political activities in Berlin

Here Winberg founded the first Russian émigré newspaper in Berlin, the Prisyw ( The Call ). It was primarily an information sheet for right-wing conservative Russians, not an anti-Semitic propaganda sheet. It called on Russian prisoners of war to take part in the civil war on the side of the whites. In contrast, Winberg expressed his anti-Semitic views in the magazine Lutsch sweta ( The Ray of Light ). His closest collaborators were Sergei Taborizky and Pyotr Schabelski-Bork , they were the responsible editors of the first issues. In 1920 Winberg published the Protocols of the Elders of Zion , an anti-Semitic forgery that attempted to provide evidence of a world Jewish conspiracy. Winberg also got in touch with the German völkisch journalist Ludwig Müller von Hausen , who got the first German edition of the protocols . What Alfred Rosenberg had to say about Jews and Jewish culture can be read almost word for word in the writings published by Winberg in 1919. Winberg quickly found his way around the Russian colony and brought white emigrants together with ethnic Germans. Soon he had significant influence in emigrant and ethnic circles, with Ludwig Müller von Hausen being his most important contact person in ethnic circles. The latter read Prisyw regularly and occasionally had articles translated into German. After Winberg supported the Kapp Putsch in March 1920, he compromised his position in Berlin and moved to Munich.

Publications and political activities in Munich

Winberg also took an active part in the social life of the Russian colony in Munich, and at the most important monarchist congress of Russian emigration in Bad Reichenhall he took part as one of the representatives of the Munich Russians. Winberg was a member of the economic development association founded by Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter , which he served as a leading ideologist. Structure published the "Economic Structure Correspondence" and Winberg was one of the Russian authors of articles for the paper. The organization also tried to influence the NSDAP by hiring Winberg to conduct propaganda talks with Adolf Hitler. According to the French intelligence service, Winberg and Hitler had had several long personal conversations no later than October 1922, and Hitler's notes for a lecture in November 1922 show the influence Winberg had on his thinking. Hitler describes the Soviet Union as a "Jewish dictatorship" and cites Winberg as the source.

In 1921 Winberg published the book Krestny Put (German edition: Th. Von Winberg, Der Kreuzesweg Russlands ) in Munich . In the following year Alfred Rosenberg's book Bolshevism Hunger Death appeared , which can be described as the Rosenberg version of Krestny Put .

The shooting of Nabokov

Winberg's close friends and roommates in Munich, Sergei Taborizki and Pjotr ​​Schabelski-Bork, attempted an assassination attempt on the constitutional democrat Pavel Milyukov in Berlin in March 1922 , which, however, escaped the assassination attempt. However, while trying to disarm the assassin, Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov , the father of the writer Vladimir Nabokov , was fatally injured. Miliukov was the leader of the left wing of the left-wing liberals and, for the entire “Russian right”, someone who would have made the Bolshevik seizure of power possible. Especially his speech in November 1916 before the State Duma, in which he had terminated the war-related consensus between government and parliament and directed sharp attacks against the ruling house, which von Winberg revered and allegedly pro-Germany. The tsarina, of German descent, had burst into tears and Winberg, who was there when she heard of the indictment, comforted her (Kellogg 169). Since Winberg's hatred of Milyukov was known and he was in close contact with the perpetrators, he was suspected of being the real mastermind. Although nothing could be proven to him at first, he finally had to leave Germany in 1923 on suspicion of being involved in the murder of Nabokov. This murder had political consequences and had negative effects on the extreme right and on all Russian emigration.

Ideologeme Winbergs

Winberg had a Manichaean worldview that was divided into good and bad. The main representatives of evil were the Jews and the Freemasons , who tried with all their might to destroy the Christian world. According to this conspiracy theory, the Jews, on their way to world domination, unleashed the First World War and started the Russian Revolution. The Jews, so the conspiracy theory goes on, waged a struggle against the non-Jewish nobility for centuries, making use of democratic, liberal and socialist doctrines.

Winberg saw himself called to arouse Christian humanity for a supposedly imminent apocalyptic struggle. But his attitude towards Christianity was not exclusively positive, especially since he was of the opinion, for example, that the Roman Empire had perished due to a “fatal injection of democratic-Jewish Christianity” . This idea that Christianity was a lethal injection of democracy was later taken up by Rosenberg.

Winberg was a decisive advocate of German-Russian cooperation and regarded an orientation of Russian foreign policy towards Germany, as long as this orientation corresponds to the natural Russian interests, as a "guarantee of our future success".

Winberg distrusted the people, both the peasants and the workers. In this respect his ideas were contrary to modern extreme ideologies like that of the Nazis, but between Winberg, Rosenberg and Hitler thus was - all differences defiance - at the beginning of the twenties more than just intellectual consistency in the assessment of the Russian Revolution and the Bolsheviks . All used similar ideological formulas, and Hitler seemed to have benefited directly from the experiences and ideas of some emigrants.

The importance of Winberg is assessed differently. But the intellectual basis for the extermination of the Jews by the Nazis came from Russian right-wing extremists, and Winberg and his friends were the first to publicly demand the extermination of the Jews.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d Johannes Baur: The Russian Colony in Munich 1900–1945: German-Russian Relations in the 20th Century. Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-447-04023-8 , p. 200
  2. ↑ Johannes Baur: The Russian Colony in Munich 1900-1945: German-Russian Relations in the 20th Century. Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-447-04023-8 , p. 201
  3. ↑ Johannes Baur: The Russian Colony in Munich 1900-1945: German-Russian Relations in the 20th Century. Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-447-04023-8 , p. 201
  4. ↑ Michael Kellogg: (2005) The Russian Roots of Nazism. White Émigrés and the making of National Socialism 1917-1945. ISBN 0-521-84512-2 , p. 43
  5. ↑ Johannes Baur: The Russian Colony in Munich 1900-1945: German-Russian Relations in the 20th Century. Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-447-04023-8 , p. 201
  6. ↑ Johannes Baur: The Russian Colony in Munich 1900-1945: German-Russian Relations in the 20th Century. Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-447-04023-8 , p. 202
  7. ↑ Michael Kellogg: (2005) The Russian Roots of Nazism. White Émigrés and the making of National Socialism 1917-1945. ISBN 0-521-84512-2 , p. 62
  8. ↑ Johannes Baur: The Russian Colony in Munich 1900-1945: German-Russian Relations in the 20th Century. Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-447-04023-8 , p. 203
  9. ↑ Johannes Baur: The Russian Colony in Munich 1900-1945: German-Russian Relations in the 20th Century. Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-447-04023-8 , p. 203
  10. ↑ Jeffrey L. Sammons: Introduction. In the S. (Ed.), The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. The basis of modern anti-Semitism. Forgery. Text and comment. 6th edition. Wallstein, Göttingen 2011, p. 20.
  11. ^ Walter Laqueur : Russia and Germany, A Century of Conflict. Little Brown and Company, 1965. (Reprint: Transaction Publishers, 1990, ISBN 0-88738-349-1 , p. 128.)
  12. ↑ Michael Kellogg: (2005) The Russian Roots of Nazism. White Émigrés and the making of National Socialism 1917-1945. ISBN 0-521-84512-2 , p. 64
  13. ↑ Michael Kellogg: (2005) The Russian Roots of Nazism. White Émigrés and the making of National Socialism 1917-1945. ISBN 0-521-84512-2 , p. 106
  14. ↑ Michael Kellogg: (2005) The Russian Roots of Nazism. White Émigrés and the making of National Socialism 1917–1945. ISBN 0-521-84512-2 , p. 130
  15. ↑ Michael Kellogg: (2005) The Russian Roots of Nazism. White Émigrés and the making of National Socialism 1917-1945. ISBN 0-521-84512-2 , p. 230
  16. ↑ Johannes Baur: The Russian Colony in Munich 1900-1945: German-Russian Relations in the 20th Century. Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-447-04023-8 , p. 279
  17. ↑ Johannes Baur: The Russian Colony in Munich 1900-1945: German-Russian Relations in the 20th Century. Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-447-04023-8 , p. 189.
  18. ↑ a b Michael Kellogg: (2005) The Russian Roots of Nazism. White Émigrés and the making of National Socialism 1917-1945. ISBN 0-521-84512-2 , p. 169
  19. ↑ Michael Kellogg: (2005) The Russian Roots of Nazism. White Émigrés and the making of National Socialism 1917-1945. ISBN 0-521-84512-2 , p. 212
  20. ↑ Johannes Baur: The Russian Colony in Munich 1900-1945: German-Russian Relations in the 20th Century. Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-447-04023-8 , p. 195.
  21. ^ Walter Laqueur : Russia and Germany, A Century of Conflict. Little Brown and Company, 1965. (Reprint: Transaction Publishers, 1990, ISBN 0-88738-349-1 , pp. 91, 128.)
  22. ^ Walter Laqueur : Russia and Germany, A Century of Conflict. Little Brown and Company, 1965. (Reprint: Transaction Publishers, 1990, ISBN 0-88738-349-1 , p. 129.)
  23. ↑ Johannes Baur: The Russian Colony in Munich 1900-1945: German-Russian Relations in the 20th Century. Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-447-04023-8 , p. 211.
  24. ↑ Johannes Baur: The Russian Colony in Munich 1900-1945: German-Russian Relations in the 20th Century. Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-447-04023-8 , pp. 278, 279.
  25. ^ Walter Laqueur : Russia and Germany, A Century of Conflict. Little Brown and Company, 1965. (Reprint: Transaction Publishers, 1990, ISBN 0-88738-349-1 , p. 137.)
  26. ^ Richard Pipes: Russia under the Bolshevik Regime. 1994, ISBN 0-679-76184-5 , p. 258
personal data
SURNAME Winberg, Fyodor Viktorovich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Винберг, Фёдор Ви́кторович (Russian); Winberg, Theodor von
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian officer, writer and anti-Semitic ideologist
DATE OF BIRTH July 27, 1868
PLACE OF BIRTH Kiev , Russian Empire
DATE OF DEATH February 14, 1927
Place of death Paris