Gallirallus

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Gallirallus
Wekaralle (Gallirallus australis)

Wekaralle ( Gallirallus australis )

Systematics
Sub-stem : Vertebrates (vertebrata)
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Crane birds (Gruiformes)
Family : Rallen (Rallidae)
Genre : Gallirallus
Scientific name
Gallirallus
Lafresnaye , 1841
Wood rail ( Gallirallus sylvestris )
Union rail ( Gallirallus philippensis ), Fafa Island, Tonga
Guamralle ( Gallirallus owstoni )
Red-billed rail ( Gallirallus pacificus )

Gallirallus is a genus of the railing birds , to which, in addition to three flightable species, predominantly flightless birds belong.

Appearance and build

In the different species of the genus Gallirallus there are three fully airworthy species, the gray-necked rail, the zebra rail and the white rail. All other species of the genus have more or less strongly receded wings. There are species such as the Weka, which have strongly receded shoulder girdles, wings, tails and flight feathers and others, such as the guamralle ( Gallirallus owstoni ), which are almost still capable of flight - or were there when they died out.

Depending on the species' preferred foraging strategies, the beak can be significantly longer or slightly shorter than the head and straight or curved.

The red-billed rail is largely black with white spots on its back and wings, a white chest and a red-brown spot on the neck. The two flightable species both have black and white banded plumage on the chest and the band rail also has banding on the back. Both types have brown drawing elements on the back. Both have striking facial markings. Other species of the genus such as the Weka and the wood rail of Lord Howe Island were completely brown. The often less clearly banded and more brown color of many flightless members of the genus is often attributed to the retention of youthful characteristics (neoteny).

nutrition

Gallirallus species usually feed predominantly on invertebrates such as earthworms, snails, mollusks, insects and crustaceans, as well as small vertebrates such as reptiles, amphibians, eggs and chicks from other birds, rats and mice. Vegetable food is possible, but mostly plays a minor role. There are no pure herbivores in the genus.

When looking for food, some species poke the ground and dig up to 10 centimeters deep for earthworms and other underground animals. Others dig in the leaf litter with their beak or the food is picked from the ground in the water or on land. Some species also catch flying insects from the air by stretching themselves up from the ground.

species

Some of the species now assigned to the genus Gallirallus were initially assigned to the partially monotypical genera Ocydromus , Habropteryx , Nesiolimnas , Cabalus , Hypotaenidia , Tricholimnas , Eulabeornis and Stictolimnas because of their wings that have receded to a very different extent . In the course of the research it became clear that the flightless species are much more closely related to the two flightable species of the genus than the conspicuous regression of the wings and sternum suggested at first glance, and that flightlessness often evolves surprisingly quickly. This led to the fact that the species were grouped under the genus Gallirallus . More extensive amalgamations, in which some of the Gallirallus species were listed as subspecies of the bandage rail or the Gallirallus species were assigned to the genus Rallus because the two genera could not be genetically separated, did not prevail.

Genus Gallirallus

  • Wekaralle ( Gallirallus australis )
    • South Island Weka ( Gallirallus australis australis )
    • Gallirallus australis hectori
    • Gallirallus australis scotti
  • Calayan's rail ( Gallirallus calayanensis )
  • Dieffenbach rail ( Gallirallus dieffenbachii )
  • Gallirallus epulare †
  • Gallirallus ernstmayri † of New Ireland was a medium-sized flightless species of the genus Gallirallus that became extinct before the arrival of the Europeans and since it was flightless, it was probably endemic to the island.
  • Gallirallus gracilitibia †
  • Niue rail ( Gallirallus huiatua ) †
  • Fur rail ( Gallirallus lafresnayanus )
  • Chathamralle ( Gallirallus modestus ) †
  • Red-billed rail ( Gallirallus pacificus ) †
  • Gallirallus pendiculentus † probably descends from the common rail and was endemic to the island of Tinian , which belongs to the Mariana Islands . The bones found are from the Pleistocene and Holocene and show that the flight apparatus had receded.
  • Gallirallus pisonii † probably descends from the common rail (Gallirallus philippensis) and was endemic to the island of Aguiguan, which belongs to the Mariana Islands. The bones found are from the Pleistocene and Holocene and show that the flight apparatus had receded.
  • Mangaia rail ( Gallirallus ripleyi ) †
  • Gallirallus roletti †
  • Sharpe's rail ( Gallirallus sharpei ) †, a controversial taxon known only from the holotype. Today it is regarded as the color morph of the bandage rail.
  • Graubrustalle ( Gallirallus striatus )
  • Gallirallus storrsolsoni † is a medium-sized rail, about the size of the guamralle ( G. owstoni ), the cortex rail ( G. philippensis ), ( G. striatus ) and ( G. torquatus ) flightless rail known only from bone finds. It is larger than (G. ripleyi) and smaller than the Weka ( G. australis ), ( G. vekamatolu ) and ( G. woodfordi ). Gallirallus storrsolsoni was unable to fly due to its severely receded sternum crest, its small wings and had strong legs like its flightless relatives. It was certainly endemic to Huahine, as a flightless species could hardly have reached this island by swimming. The species was named after Storrs L. Olson, who is one of the most important researchers of flightless railing.
  • Wake rail ( Gallirallus wakensis ) †
  • Eua rail ( Gallirallus vekamatolu ) † was 30 cm tall, unable to fly and is only known from bone finds.
  • Gallirallus steadmani † discovered in 2007 and described in 2011 on the basis of fossil remains from the island of Tubuai , Austral Islands , Eastern Polynesia.
  • Gallirallus hypoleucus † 1867 described by Finsch and Hartlaub on the basis of the holotype by Tongatapu from a collection by Joseph Banks and recognized as a valid taxon in 2011.

Genus Hypotaenidia

  • Bearded rail ( Hypotaenidia insignis )
  • Okinawaralle ( Hypotaenidia okinawae )
  • Guamralle ( Hypotaenidia owstoni )
  • Zebra Alley ( Hypotaenidia torquatus ) with the subspecies
    • Hypotaenidia torquata celebensis
    • Hypotaenidia torquata kuehni
    • Hypotaenidia torquata limaria
    • Hypotaenidia torquata sulcirostris
    • Hypotaenidia torquata torquata
  • Rovianaralle ( Hypotaenidia rovianae )
  • Cinderella rail ( Hypotaenidia philippensis ) with the subspecies
    • Keeling rail ( Hypotaenidia philippensis andrewsi )
    • Macquarie's circlet ( Hypotaenidia philippensis macquariensis ) †
    • Hypotaenidia philippensis admiralitatis
    • Hypotaenidia philippensis anachoretae
    • Hypotaenidia philippensis assimilis
    • Hypotaenidia philippensis christophori
    • Hypotaenidia philippensis ecaudata
    • Hypotaenidia philippensis goodsoni
    • Hypotaenidia philippensis lacustris
    • Hypotaenidia philippensis lesouefi
    • Hypotaenidia philippensis mellori
    • Hypotaenidia philippensis meyeri
    • Hypotaenidia philippensis pelewensis
    • Hypotaenidia philippensis philippensis
    • Hypotaenidia philippensis praedo
    • Hypotaenidia philippensis randi
    • Hypotaenidia philippensis reducta
    • Hypotaenidia philippensis sethsmithi
    • Hypotaenidia philippensis swindellsi
    • Hypotaenidia philippensis tounelieri
  • Hypotaenidia temptatus † probably descends from the bandage rail ( Hypotaenidia philippensis ) and was endemic to the island of Rota, which belongs to the Mariana Islands. The bones found are from the Pleistocene and Holocene and show that the flight apparatus had receded.
  • Wood rail ( Hypotaenidia sylvestris )

The two species of the genus Nesoclopeus , including the probably extinct Fijiralle , were also integrated into the genus Hypotaenidia . The subspecies of the Solomon Islands Rail ( Nesoclopeus woodfordi ) were surveyed because of their morphological differences to species:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Kirchman, Jeremy J .: New Species of Rails (Aves: Rallidae) from an Archaeological Site on Huahine, Society Islands. Pacific Science - Volume 60, Number 2, April 2006, pp. 281-297
  2. ↑ a b c Storrs L. Olson: A classification of the Rallidae. The Wilson Bulletin, December 1973 vol. 85, no. 4th
  3. ^ A b c d e Walter Lawry Buller (1838-1906): A History of the Birds of New Zealand. 1888
  4. ↑ a b c Dieter Luther: The extinct birds of the world. 4th edition, unchanged reprint of the edition from 1986. Magdeburg: Westkarp-Wiss and Heidelberg: Spektrum Akad. Verlag. 1995
  5. ↑ a b c Rothschild, Lionel Walter (1868-1937): Extinct birds: an attempt to unite in one volume a short account of those birds which have become extinct in historical times: that is, within the last six or seven hundred years: to which are added a few which still exist, but are on the verge of extinction (1907). London: Hutchinson
  6. ^ Richard N. Holdaway, Trevor H. Worthy, Alan JT Tennyson: A working list of breeding bird species of the New Zealand region at first human contact. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 2001, Vol. 28: 119-187
  7. ↑ JARED DIAMOND: A NEW SPECIES OF RAIL FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS AND CONVERGENT EVOLUTION OF INSULAR FLIGHTLESSNESS. Vol. 108, No. 3, July-September, 1991 (PDF; 765 kB)
  8. ^ A b Steven A. Trewick: Sympatric flightless rails Gallirallus dieffenbachii and G. modestus on the Chatham Islands, New Zealand; morphometrics and alternative evolutionary scenarios. Journal of The Royal Society of New Zealand 27 (4), December 1997 pp 451-464
  9. ^ A b J. Mark Jenkins: Natural History of the Guam Rail. The Condor, Vol. 81, No. 4 (Nov. 1979), pp. 404-408. doi : 10.2307 / 1366967 .
  10. ↑ a b Hypotaenidia owstoni in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: BirdLife International, 2010. Accessed November 13, 2011th
  11. ^ A b NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (2002). Approved Recovery Plan for the Lord Howe Woodhen. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville NSW.
  12. ↑ RN HOLDAWAY: NEW ZEALAND'S PRE-HUMAN AVIFAUNA AND ITS VULNERABILITY. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, VOL 12, (SUPPLEMENT) 1989
  13. ↑ GRAEME ELLIOTT, DARYL EASON, GIDEON CLIMO: Short Note: Possible weka (Gallirallus australis) predation of kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) eggs. Notornis, 2002, Vol. 49: 177-179
  14. Jump up ↑ Allen, Desmond, Oliveros, Carl, Espanola, Carmela, Broad, Genevieve, Gonzalez, Juan Carlos T: A new species of Gallirallus from Calayan island, Philippines. Zootaxa. 2006 Sept 18; 1316: 1-31.
  15. ^ Remarkable rail discovered "just in time". 17-08-2004 © 2008 BirdLife International.
  16. ↑ Miller, B; Mullette, KJ: Rehabilitation of an endangered Australian bird: The Lord Howe Island woodhen Tricholimnas sylvestris (Sclater). Biological Conservation [BIOL. CONSERV.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 55-95. 1985.]  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / md1.csa.com  @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / md1.csa.com  
  17. ↑ Beth Slikas, Storrs L Olson, Robert C Fleischer: (2002) Rapid, independent evolution of flightlessness in four species of Pacific Island rails (Rallidae): an analysis based on mitochondrial sequence data. Journal of Avian Biology 33 (1), 5-14. doi : 10.1034 / j.1600-048X.2002.330103.x .
  18. ↑ Cabalus modestus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: BirdLife International, 2008. Accessed November 13, 2011th
  19. ↑ a b German names and synonyms from Avibase, search results for Gallirallus
  20. ↑ Bradley C. Livecey: A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae). Philosophical Trans. Royal Society London B (1998) 353, pp. 2077-2151
  21. ^ A b c Jeremy J. Kirchman and David W. Steadman: New Species of Extinct Rails (Aves: Rallidae) from Archaeological Sites in the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia. Pacific Science, Volume 61, Issue 1 (January 2007), doi : 10.2984 / 1534-6188 (2007) 61 [145: NSOERA] 2.0.CO; 2 (currently unavailable)
  22. ↑ a b c d Kirchman, Jeremy J, Steadman, David W: Rails (Rallidae: Gallirallus) from prehistoric archaeological sites in Western Oceania. Zootaxa 1316: 1-31 2006 (PDF; 12 kB)
  23. ↑ Trevor H. Worthy: The fossil rails (Aves: Rallidae) of Fiji with descriptions of a new genus and species ; Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand Volume 34, Number 3, September 2004, pp 295-314
  24. ↑ RG Powlesland, JR HAY, MH Powlesland: Bird fauna of Niue Iceland in 1994-95. Notornis, 2000, Vol. 47: 39-53
  25. ^ David W. Steadman, Trevor H. Worthy, Atholl J. Anderson, and Richard Walter: New species and records of birds from prehistoric sites in Niue, Southwest Pacific. The Wilson Bulletin, Volume 112, Issue 2 (June 2000), pp. 165-186. doi : 10.1676 / 0043-5643 (2000) 112 [0165: NSAROB] 2.0.CO; 2
  26. ↑ DW Steadman: Two new species of rails (Aves, Rallidae) from Mangaia Southern Cook Islands South Pacific. Pacific Science. 40 (1-4). 1986. 27-43.
  27. ↑ Jeremy J. Kirchman, and David W. Steadman: New Species of Rails (Aves: Rallidae) from an Archaeological Site on Huahine, Society Islands. Pacific Science, Volume 60, Issue 2 (April 2006) ( Memento of the original from February 24, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bioone.org
  28. ↑ Jeremy J. Kirchman and David W. Steadman: Rails (Aves: Rallidae: Gallirallus) from prehistoric sites in the Kingdom of Tonga, including a description of a new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, Volume 118, Issue 2 (June 2005) doi : 10.2988 / 0006-324X (2005) 118 [465: RARGFP] 2.0.CO; 2
  29. ↑ Taxonomicon, genus Gallirallus
  30. ^ ITIS, genus Gallirallus

Web links

Commons : Gallirallus  - album with pictures, videos and audio files