Gandersheim dispute

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The Gandersheim dispute was a dispute over jurisdiction over the Gandersheim canonical monastery between the Archdiocese of Mainz and the Diocese of Hildesheim . It lasted from 987 to 1030 and included the regency times of Ottos Otto III. and Heinrich II. as well as the Salier Konrad II.

prehistory

Diocese of Hildesheim (purple) and Archdiocese of Mainz (yellow): ecclesiastical areas of jurisdiction from the foundation to the re- registration in 1821/1824 with the entry of Brunshausen and Gandersheim

The first outbreak of a dispute about the Gandersheim canonical monastery occurred as early as 987. The older sister of the young King Otto III, Sophia , was given up in 979 at the Gandersheim canonical monastery. In 987 she was to be dressed for canons . Since Sophia was well aware of her rank, she insisted that she be dressed not by the local bishop Osdag of Hildesheim, but by the Archbishop of Mainz, Willigis . Archbishop Willigis of Mainz seized the moment by simultaneously wanting to assert old claims to the area where the monastery was built. The monastery founded in 852 in Brunshausen , which belongs to Hildesheim , was relocated to Gandersheim in 856, crossing the diocesan border between Mainz and Hildesheim. However, the episcopal acts continued to be carried out by the bishops of Hildesheim, the Archbishops of Mainz had never recognized this. At the request of the king's mother, Empress Theophanu , Sophia was dressed by both bishops in a solemn ceremony.

Under Osdag's successor, Gerdag von Hildesheim, the dispute did not resume . 993 followed Bernward von Hildesheim to the bishop's chair. This was already a private tutor and confidante of the young King Otto III. been. The relationship between Willigis von Mainz and Bernward von Hildesheim was initially very good. Sophia stayed at her brother's court for two years from 995, which was unusual for a canon and which is why she came across criticism from Bernward. In 997 he stayed at court for a few days and sent Sophia back to the monastery. In addition, Bernward was able to cause Willigis of Mainz to be removed from the king's advisory group, as this had induced Sophia to leave the pen. As a result, the relationship between the Bishop of Hildesheim and the Archbishop of Mainz deteriorated.

First phase under Otto III. (1000–1002)

In September 1000 the Gandersheim Minster, which was destroyed by fire and rebuilt in 973, was to be consecrated. Sophia had meanwhile taken over the tasks of the sick abbess and, because of her sense of rank, did not include the local Bishop Bernward of Hildesheim, but Archbishop Willigis of Mainz in the planning, who was to undertake the consecration of the cathedral. The date of the consecration was set for September 14th, 1000, and Bernward von Hildesheim promised his presence. Willigis von Mainz rescheduled the date to September 21, 1000, when Bernward von Hildesheim could not be present due to imperial obligations. This appeared on September 14, 1000 and wanted to consecrate the cathedral, for which, however, no preparations had been made. Nevertheless he held the mass and complained in his sermon that his right to consecration was denied, whereupon a tumult broke out and Bernward von Hildesheim left the cathedral without having achieved anything. On September 21, 1000, as announced, Bernward did not appear himself, instead Bishop Eggehard of Schleswig and the Hildesheim Cathedral Chapter appeared as his representative. But Willigis von Mainz asked Bernwards to appear in person and threatened to do the consecration himself on the following day. By appealing to canon law , Eggehard von Schleswig and the cathedral chapter were able to prevent the consecration. Willigis von Mainz then scheduled a provincial synod in Gandersheim for November 28, 1000. Bernward did not appear personally at the Reich Synod either. This was already on the way to Rome to meet with Emperor Otto III. and Pope Silvester II. to claim his right through the Gandersheim monastery. He reached Rome on January 4, 1001, and an envoy from Eggehard from Schleswig appeared two days later to report on the turbulent course of the Gandersheim Synod. The Emperor and Pope reacted angrily to the news from the envoy. The matter was negotiated on January 13, 1001 at a synod in Pallara. Here the Gandersheim Synod was stripped of its status as a synod because it did not meet the requirements of canon law and church laws were broken. As a result, the Pope canceled the resolutions of the Gandersheim Synod. Willigis von Mainz was reprimanded in writing and asked not to further seek jurisdiction over Gandersheim. This was provisionally awarded to Bernward von Hildesheim. A subsequent synod in Pöhlde on June 21, 1001 should continue to deliberate on the concerns of Gandersheim. The synod, presided over by the Cardinal Legate Friedrich, began on June 22nd, 1001. Archbishop Willigis of Mainz and his entourage tried to prevent the papal letter from being read, in which Willigis was publicly reprimanded. When Friedrich began to read, Willigi's entourage penetrated the synod. There were disputes and the synod was postponed. However, Willigis left that same night, so that a resumption of the Synod of Pöhle was out of the question. Instead, Friedrich suspended Willigis for disobedience and invited the bishops present to a papal council in Todi around Christmas 1001, where the Gandersheim dispute was to be negotiated again. In the following summer of 1001, Bernward von Hildesheim was repeatedly prevented from carrying out his official duties in Gandersheim, because Sophia had raised the chapter against him. On August 15, 1001, Willigis von Mainz invited to a synod in Frankfurt to reconcile with Bernward. For health reasons he could not appear and sent Eggehard von Schleswig and his confidante Thangmar again . Willigis doubted Bernward's illness and demanded an oath from the representatives, which is why they questioned the powers of the synod and left. In May 1002 they wanted to meet again for a synod to which the emperor was invited. However, this Synod took place in Fritzlar due to the early death of Emperor Otto III. no longer takes place. They met for Christmas at a synod in Todi, Italy. This was on December 27, 1001 by Emperor Otto III. and Pope Silvester II. opened. Thangmar reports on his experiences in Frankfurt and Friedrich presented his allegations to Willigis, which is why he was reprimanded by the few bishops present and accused him of lying. Because of the bad weather, too few bishops were present anyway for the synod to have a quorum, which is why it was postponed to January 6, 1002. The continuation of the synod was to take place in Rome. As riots had broken out in Rome, the emperor had to go to Castel Paterno in front of the citylinger. Here he succumbed to an illness on January 24, 1002. The dispute over Gandersheim could no longer be resolved during his reign. In Gandersheim, Sophia took over the business of Abbess von Gandersheim on November 13, 1001.

Provisional settlement under Heinrich II. (1002-1024)

Even under the rule of Henry II , the dispute was not resolved. The situation was still tense, the dioceses of Hildesheim and Mainz were becoming more and more estranged from each other, which is why Heinrich invited Christmas 1006 to another synod in Pöhlde. Both bishops appeared and bowed to the king's will. The date for the consecration of the Gandersheim Minster was set for January 5, 1007. Bernward von Hildesheim was commissioned to prepare the consecration, in which the king himself took part. During the mass he announced the verdict in the dispute over jurisdiction over Gandersheim in favor of Bernwards. The compromise with Willigis von Mainz was that he was allowed to hold the ordination office and the donations to the diocese of Hildesheim, which were made under Otto III. were made, have been reversed. The dispute was settled and did not flare up again until Willigi's death in February 1011. Even under his successor Archbishop Erkanbald von Mainz there was no resumption of the dispute. After Erkanbald's death, Archbishop Aribo of Mainz followed to the bishopric. He had to swear to Heinrich II that the disputes about Gandersheim would rest. However, the young archbishop wanted to expand his sphere of influence and asked Bernward von Hildesheim shortly after his ordination to come to an understanding with him about Gandersheim. Bernward pointed out to Aribo of Mainz that Gandersheim had not been negotiable since 1007. Until Bernwards death on November 22, 1022, Aribo did not resume talks with Hildesheim.

Second phase under Konrad II. (1024-1030)

After Bernwards death, Heinrich II. Godehard of Hildesheim appointed bishop. This was consecrated by Aribo von Mainz, who forbade Godehard from any episcopal act in Gandersheim. Godehard complained to the emperor about Aribo's behavior. Emperor Heinrich II settled the dispute again. In 1024 the emperor died. His successor was the first Salier emperor, Konrad II. He was anointed king by Aribo of Mainz. Aribo had been part of his retinue before and now saw a new opportunity to gain jurisdiction over Gandersheim. Therefore, Godehard von Hildesheim invited the new King Konrad II to Hildesheim as part of the tour. In January 1025 he actually stayed in Hildesheim for three days. When the king set out to leave, Aribo von Mainz, who was traveling in the king's entourage, brought his charges against Godehard and Gandersheim. Konrad promised the two bishops to make a decision on Judgment Day in Goslar in January. This took place on January 27, 1025. The jurisdiction over Gandersheim was withdrawn from both opponents. Instead, Bishop Branthog von Halberstadt was temporarily installed . The following day the king traveled to Gandersheim. Godehard had hurried ahead of him and received the king like a host, which angered both Conrad II and Aribo. The night before Konrad left, Godehard sought advice from the king. He is said to have thrown himself at the king's feet in full episcopal regalia and in tears. As a result, Konrad awarded the jurisdiction of Hildesheim at a synod in Grone in March 1025. Although the verdict was unfavorable to Aribos, he continued to participate in the king's contest. At the end of the summer of 1025, Aribo then announced a synod in Gandersheim. Godehard complained to the king, who referred Godehard to the resolutions of the Synod in Grone and their legal force. In mid-October the contracting bishops met on the Eichsfeld and unsuccessfully asked each other to withdraw their claims. In the meantime Konrad had fallen further out of favor because of an investiture in Worms without Aribo's advice. The relationship between Aribo and Abbess Sophia also deteriorated. The next attempt by Konrad II to settle the dispute took place on September 21, 1026 in Seligenstadt. No decision was made here either, so the negotiations were postponed to a general synod in Frankfurt in September 1027. The diocese of Hildesheim won the decision because Konrad II had to bow to the argument that Willigis of Mainz had already accepted that Gandersheim belonged to Hildesheim. In 1028 Aribo tried to revise the Frankfurt resolutions in Geisleden. Here Godehard was represented by his cathedral dean Tadilo, who consistently referred to the validity of the Frankfurt resolutions. At another Reich Synod in Pöhlde, a compromise was reached through the emphatic participation of Konrad II. The jurisdiction over Gandersheim fell to Hildesheim. In return, the surrounding villages were divided up so that Mainz did not go away empty-handed. On May 17, 1030, the emperor celebrated Pentecost in Merseburg. Aribo is said to have visited the emperor here and admitted his mistake, which marked the end of the Gandersheim dispute. Aribo's successor, Archbishop Bardo von Mainz, decided against resumption.

literature

  • Konrad Algermissen: Personality, Life and Work of Bernwards. In: Konrad Algermissen: Bernward and Godehard von Hildesheim. Your life and work. Hildesheim 1960, pp. 17-74.
  • Wilhelm Dersch: The church policy of the Archbishop Aribo of Mainz (1021-1031). Dissertation, Marburg 1899.
  • Franz-Reiner Erkens: Konrad II. Rule and empire of the first Salier emperor. Regensburg 1998.
  • Hans Goetting: The Diocese of Hildesheim. Volume 3: The Hildesheim Bishops from 815 to 1221 (1227). Berlin / New York 1984.
  • Knut Görich: Otto II. Romanus, Saxonicus et Italicus: Imperial Rome politics and Saxon historiography. 2nd edition, Sigmaringen 1995.
  • Knut Görich: The Gandersheimer dispute at the time of Otto III. A conflict over the metropolitan rights of Archbishop Willigis of Mainz. In: Journal of the Savigny Foundation for Legal History. Volume 110, Canonical Department (Volume 79), Cologne / Weimar 1993, pp. 56-94.
  • Ernst-Dieter Hehl: Rulers, Church and Canon Law in the Late Ttonian Empire. In: Bernd Schneidmüller and Stefan Weinfurter (Eds.): Otto III. - Heinrich II. A turning point? 2nd edition, Stuttgart 2000, pp. 169-203.
  • Adolf Mühe: History of the City of Bad Gandersheim. , Bad Gandersheim 1950.
  • Stefan Weinfurter: Heinrich II. (1002-1024) ruler at the end of time. 2nd edition, Regensburg 2000.
  • Herwig Wolfram: Konrad II. 990-1039. Emperor of three kingdoms. Munich 2000.
  • Heinz Wolter: The synods in the imperial territory and in imperial Italy from 916 to 1056. Paderborn u. a. 1988.

swell

  • Thangmar: Vita Bernwardi. In: Georg Heinrich Pertz (Ed.): Annales, chronica et historiae aevi Carolini et Saxonici (MGH SS 4), Hannover 1841.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See Goetting, p. 184.
  2. ↑ See Algermissen, pp. 17, 20, 32 .; Thangmar: Vita Bernwardi, cap. 13.
  3. ↑ See Goetting, pp. 178f .; Algermissen, p. 37.
  4. ↑ See Mühe, p. 17 .; Görich (1995), p. 123.
  5. ↑ See Goetting, p. 185 .; Algermissen, p. 38 .; Thangmar: Vita Bernwardi, cap. 17th
  6. ↑ See Goetting, p. 186 .; Algermissen, p. 38 .; Wolter, pp. 187f.
  7. ↑ See Hehl, p. 174 .; Algermissen, p. 38 .; Thangmar: Vita Bernwardi, cap. 19th
  8. ↑ See Wolter, p. 191 .; Goetting, p. 188 .; Thangmar: Vita Bernwardi, cap. 22nd
  9. ↑ See Algermissen, p. 38 .; Görich (1995), p. 63 .; Wolter, pp. 201f .; Goetting, pp. 188f .; Thangmar: Vita Bernwardi, cap. 28.
  10. ↑ See Goetting, p. 191 .; Wolter, pp. 205f.
  11. ↑ See Wolter, p. 206ff .; Goetting, pp. 191f.
  12. ↑ See Weinfurter, p. 166 .; Dersch, p. 38 .; Wolfram, p. 109 .; Thangmar: Vita Bernwardi, cap. 43.
  13. ↑ See Algermissen, p. 19, 39 .; Goetting, pp. 198f .; Thangmar: Vita Bernwardi, cap. 48.
  14. ↑ See Goetting, p. 239 .; Dersch, p. 38ff.
  15. ↑ See Erkens, p. 60 .; Goetting, p. 240 .; Wolter, p. 315ff.
  16. ↑ See Wolfram, p. 109 .; Erkens, p. 61 .; Goetting, p. 241 .; Dersch, p. 41.
  17. ↑ See Wolfram, p. 110.
  18. ↑ See Goetting, p. 242ff .; Dersch, p. 42 .; Wolter, p. 319 .; Wolfram, p. 110.
  19. ↑ See Wolfram, p. 111ff .; Goetting, p. 243; Wolter, pp. 324, 338f .; Dersch, p. 50.