Georgii Glebowitsch Lemmlein

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Georgii Glebowitsch Lemmlein (also Georg Laemmlein , Russian Георгий Глебович Леммлейн ; born August 23, 1901 in Zurich , † November 15, 1962 in Moscow ) was a Russian mineralogist and crystallographer . His research focused on the formation and morphology of crystals; He is also considered to be one of the founders of technical crystal growing . In terms of material, his interest was largely focused on quartz .

Life

GG Lemmlein was born in Zurich, where his parents were still studying. The father became a physicist, the mother a teacher. As the first page of the typewritten curriculum vitae from probably 1937 can be seen, the great-grandfather Alexander Christopher von Lemmlein was the first of the family to immigrate to Russia.

In 1902 the family returned to Russia and a few years later moved to Tbilisi. Lemmlein spent his childhood there and made the first geological-mineralogical expeditions in Georgia.

He graduated from high school in 1919 and began studying at the Caucasian University, continuing after it closed at the Georgian State University. After a break because of tuberculosis, Lemmlein entered the geological-mineralogical department of the physical-mathematical faculty of the University of Leningrad in 1924.

Under the influence of AW Schubnikow , head of the Mineralogical Museum (that's the name of the mineral collection) of the Academy of Sciences (AdW) of the USSR, Lemmlein's interest in crystallography developed and he built the crystallographic laboratory in the Mineralogical Museum from 1925 from scratch with on. Lemmlein finished his studies in 1929 and was accepted at the AdW in 1930 for an apprenticeship that ended in 1932. On November 1, 1935 (sic) he was awarded the degree of candidate in geology for the entirety of his work in crystallography. The investigations into quartz in the following years were combined into a doctoral dissertation in 1942.

Despite structural changes, GG Lemmlein remained connected to the laboratory or institute throughout his life: As part of the general relocation of the Soviet AdW institutes to Moscow, the crystallographic laboratory was transferred from Leningrad to the Moscow Lomonosov Institute for Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Crystallography in the summer of 1934 and in 1937 became an independent laboratory. After the war-related relocation to the Urals and the return to Moscow, the Institute for Crystallography was founded from the laboratory in November 1943, with AW Schubnikov as the first director. In addition to AW Schubnikow and AF Joffe , AJ Fersman , NW Below and others, GG Lemmlein was part of the institute's newly formed Scientific Council in 1944. In 1947 he became a professor of mineralogy. In the Institute for Crystallography, three scientific schools have developed, including those for research into crystal growth and the development of their cultivation technologies : Lemmlein is one of the five leading scientists here.

GG Lemmlein died in autumn 1962 after a long illness.

plant

quartz

Lemmlein proved that coiled (helical) crystals are actually single crystals and not polycrystals . Lemmlein also investigated the dependence of the shape of the crystals on their orientation relative to the direction of gravity - a question of plane and perpendicular in nature.

GG Lemmlein was the first to establish laws for the geometric selection of crystals that grow in group competition. During the Great Patriotic War he was one of the initiators of the production of piezo-quartz discs for the needs of war technology. In the 1950s he was a consultant for the industrial growth of quartz and rubies using the Verneuil process .

Fluid inclusions in minerals

In the final year of his studies in Leningrad in 1929, GG Lemmlein produced what is probably his most famous publication, even in German: the one on secondary fluid inclusions in quartz, the formation of which he experimentally simulated and showed that these arise through subsequent healing of fractures. In contrast, primary inclusions of liquids, gases or solids occur at the same time as the formation of a mineral.

Layer spiral growth and method of decoration

On March 20, 1945, Lemmlein reported at an academy conference about the discovery that spiral-shaped growth layers in a terrace structure are present around individual points on the surface of silicon carbide crystals (SiC).

With interferometry as a measuring technique, steps with a height of 1/10 of the wavelength of the light or even less are visible.

The center of the spiral are growth mounds. At the source of the spiral growth, however, it never occurred to Lemmlein that the center of the growth spiral is a screw dislocation . This idea was first published by Frederick Charles Frank in 1949 , which then heralded the age of the dislocation theory of crystal growth.

Lemmlein succeeded in observing this fine surface relief by wetting the sample with water vapor, whereupon droplets condensed in the depressions of the growth stages and briefly marked the relief optically (initially called the dew method, today: surface decoration). Later a non-volatile condensate such as ammonium chloride was used.

Since GA Basset reported on the decoration of the steps with gold for table salt in 1958, the use of gold has been the method of choice (gold decoration).

Science historian and gemstone collector

When publishing the Russian translation of the essay by the Persian scholar Al-Burini on the study of gemstones, Lemmlein wrote detailed explanations and thus made the ancient Eastern mineralogical culture accessible to the readership.

Lemmlein also provided new editions of texts by the Russian polymath Mikhail Wassiljewitsch Lomonossow with prefaces and explanatory chapters, thereby honoring Lomonossov's achievements in crystallography and geology in a modern way.

The preoccupation with crystals made Lemmlein a passionate collector of minerals, especially of worked stones.

After his death, the Leningrad Hermitage received his collection of cut stones, which consisted of 268 pieces.

Honors

The mineral group of the Lemmleinite was named after Lemmlein.

Personal

Lemmlein was also a collector of graphics. After his death, the State Museum of Fine Arts AS Pushkin received Lemmlein's collection of over a thousand graphics, which was one of the most important acquisitions of the 1960s in terms of content and quality of the prints.

Fonts

  • GG Lemmlein: Alexei Wassiljewitsch Schubnikow (Russian) . Allunionsverlag Moscow, 1941, p. 30 ( e-heritage.ru ).
  • GG Lemmlein: Sector structure of the crystal (Russ.) . Verlag der Akad. D. Knowledge of the USSR, Moscow and Leningrad 1948, p. 40, in the 1973 book as chap. 3 reprinted .
  • GG Lemmlein: Morphology and Formation of Crystals (Russ.) . Verlag Wissenschaft, Moscow 1973, p. 328 ( http://geo.web.ru/db/msg.html?mid=1184579 (there links to djvu files)).

literature

  • GB Bokii: Georgii Glebovich Lemmlein (60th birthday) (Russian) . In: Kristallografia . tape 6 , no. 4 , 1961, pp. 487-489 .
  • DP Grigoriev: Georgii Glebovich Lemmlein (obituary) (Russian) . In: Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society . tape 92 , no. 3 , 1963, p. 302-314 .
  • NN: Georgii Glebovich Lemmlein (obituary) (Russian) . In: Kristallografia . tape 8 , no. 1 , 1963, p. 3-4 .
  • AA Chernov and IISchafranowsii: The development of research on morphology and the elementary processes of growth in Soviet crystallography (with special recognition of the achievements of GG Lemmlein), In: GG Lemmlein: Morphologie undbildung von Kristallen (Russ.), Verlag Wissenschaft , Moscow, 1973, pp. 3–11 (4 photos)
  • GG Lemmlein: Curriculum Vitae 1946/1953 (Russian), In: GG Lemmlein: Morphology and Formation of Crystals (Russian), Verlag Wissenschaft, Moscow, 1973, pp. 12–16 (2 photos)
  • In Memorial: To the hundredth anniversary of Georgii Glebovich Lemmlein . In: Crystallography Reports . tape 46 , no. 4 , 2001, p. 698-699 , doi : 10.1134 / 1.1387141 .
  • AE Glikin et al .: Crystallogenesis and mineralogy (to commemorate the 100th anniversary of GG Laemmlein birthday) (in Russian) . In: Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society . tape 131 , no. 2 , 2002, p. 38-44 ( minsoc.ru ).
  • Crystallography in Russia - Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences: 1940-2000 . In: IUCr Newsletter . tape 12 , no. 2 , 2004, p. 10-21 ( iucr.org [PDF]).

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ The Russian-Soviet degree "Candidate" corresponds to the German doctoral title and the English-American "Ph.D."
  2. ↑ The Russian-Soviet degree "Doctor of Science" corresponds to the German Habil title.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, part Vernadsky -Archiv, Case No. 88: Curriculum Vitae Georgii Glebovich Lemmlein (cover sheet with the year 1932, pages 1 and 2)
  2. ^ Institute for Crystallography "AW Schubnikow" of the Russian AdW: Document. on 1943-2013 (Russian, photos with GG Lemmlein on pp. 3, 4, 5 and 43) (PDF-File: 6.3 MB)
  3. ↑ GG Laemmlein: About twisted quartz . In: Compt. Rend. (Doklady) Acad. Sci. URSS . tape 4 , no. 6 , 1936, pp. 279-282 .
  4. ↑ GG Laemmlein: Distorsions of habit of quartz crystals depending on their position during growth . In: Compt. Rend. (Doklady) Acad. Sci. URSS . tape 33 , no. 6 , 1941, pp. 415-418 .
  5. ↑ GG Lemmlein: Geometric selection in growing aggregates of crystals (Russ.) . In: Doklady AN SSSR . tape 48 , no. 3 , 1945, p. 177-180 .
  6. ↑ Georg Laemmlein: Secondary fluid inclusions in minerals . In: Zt. F. Krist. tape 71 , no. 1 , 1929, p. 237-256 , doi : 10.1524 / zkri.1929.71.1.237 .
  7. ↑ MA Götzinger: Inclusions in minerals - a micro-world that enables statements to be made about mineral formation , writings of the Association for the Dissemination of Scientific Knowledge in Vienna, Volume 130/131, 1992, pp. 89-107 ( PDF file, 2 MB)
  8. ^ HA Stalder: Liquid and gas inclusions in quartz crystals . In: Natural Sciences . tape 63 , no. 10 , 1976, p. 449-456 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00624573 .
  9. ↑ Report on the lecture by Georgij Lemmlein: Structure of a fine relief of a crystal surface (Russian) . In: Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR . tape 15 , no. 4 , 1945, p. 119 ( http://www.ras.ru/publishing/rasherald/rasherald_articleinfo.aspx?articleid=b65e00d0-57d4-4a08-8bee-88f8a61916d8 (there is a link to download the doc file)).
  10. ^ Richard S. Mitchell: A correlation between theoretical screw dislocations and the known polytypes of silicon carbide (Engl.) . In: Zt. F. Krist. tape 109 , 1957, pp. 1–28 , doi : 10.1524 / zkri.1957.109.1-6.1 .
  11. ^ FC Frank: The influence of dislocations on crystal growth (Engl.) . In: Discuss. Faraday Soc. tape 5 , 1949, pp. 48-54 .
  12. ^ H. Heyer: Newer studies on the kinetics of crystal growth . In: Angew. Chemistry . tape 78 , no. 2 , 1966, p. 130-141 , doi : 10.1002 / anie.19660780203 .
  13. ↑ Georgij Lemmlein: Rendering a very fine surface structure on crystals visible by a dew method (Russ.) . In: Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR . tape 58 , no. 9 , 1947, pp. 1939-1942 .
  14. ↑ GG Lemmlein and NV Gliki: New method for making visible hyperfine structure (Russ.) . In: Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR . tape 94 , no. 3 , 1954, pp. 473-475 .
  15. ^ GA Bassett: A New Technique for Decoration of Cleavage and Slip Steps on Ionic Crystal Surfaces (Engl.) . In: Phil. Mag. Band 3 , no. 33 , 1958, pp. 1042-1045 , doi : 10.1080 / 14786435808243246 .
  16. ↑ Helmut Lindner: Ground plan of solid state physics . Springer, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-322-85688-3 , pp. 43–44 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  17. ↑ GG Lemmlein: Mineralogical knowledge that is communicated in the treatise by Biruni ( Russian : Минералогические сведения, сообщаемые в трактате Бируни) . In: GG Lemmlein, Ch. K. Baranova and AA Dolininoi (eds.): Abu-r-Raikhan Mukhammed ibn Akhmed Al-Biruni. Collection of knowledge for understanding gemstones (mineralogy) ( Russian : Ал-Бируни, Абу-р-Райхан Мухаммед ибн Ахмед. Собрание сведение сведение сведение сведения для поерананитий . Verlag der Akad. D. Knowledge of the USSR, Moscow 1963, p. 292-402 ( http://www.albiruni.nl (Link Russian translation by AM Belenichkov listed in Chapter B.2)).
  18. ↑ GG Lemmlein: Lomonosov's thoughts on crystals (Russ.) . In: SI Vavilov (Ed.): Lomonosov: Collected Articles and Materials, Vol. 1 (Russ.) . Verlag der Akad. D. Knowledge of the USSR, Moscow and Leningrad 1940, p. 213–221 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  19. ^ GG Lemmlein: Foreword; Explanations (Russian) . In: Lomonosov: About the layers of the earth and other work on geology (Russ.) . State Geological Literature Publishing House, Moscow and Leningrad 1949, p. 3-14; 199–210 ( e-heritage.ru ).
  20. ↑ Hermitage (Saint Petersburg): From the Lemmlein Collection. Retrieved August 26, 2017 .
  21. ↑ V. Lukonin and A. Ivanov: The art of Persia . Parkstone Int., 2015, ISBN 978-1-78310-696-7 , pp. 140, 142 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  22. ↑ Lemmleinite. Retrieved August 26, 2017 .
  23. ^ Lemmleinite group in the Mineralienatlas
  24. ^ State Museum of Fine Arts "AS Puschkin": LEMMLEIN, GEORGI GLEBOWITSCH (1901–1962). LENINGRAD . ( germanprints.ru [accessed on August 27, 2017]).
  25. ^ State Museum of Fine Arts "AS Puschkin": German prints. Albrecht Dürer and his teachers. History of the collection . ( germanprints.ru [accessed on August 27, 2017]).
personal data
SURNAME Lemmlein, Georgii Glebowitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Laemmlein, Georg; Леммлейн, Георгий Глебович (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian mineralogist and crystallographer
DATE OF BIRTH August 23, 1901
PLACE OF BIRTH Zurich
DATE OF DEATH November 15, 1962
Place of death Moscow