Pushkin Museum
The Pushkin Museum in Moscow (officially State Museum of Fine Arts AS Pushkin , Russian Государственный музей изобразительных искусств имени А.С. Пушкина, transcription: Gossudarstwenny musei isobrasitelnych iskusstw imeni AS Pushkina ) is one of the most important art collections in Russia. When it opened on May 31, 1912, it was called the Kaiser Alexander III Museum of Fine Arts , and from 1917 to 1937 the Museum of Fine Arts . In 1937, a hundred years after the death of Alexander Sergejewitsch Pushkin , it was named after the Russian national poet . From 1961 to 2013 the museum was headed by Irina Antonova , her successor as director is Marina Loschak .
founding
The ideas for a civic education museum go back to the 1850s, an important impetus was the transfer of Count Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev's art collection from Saint Petersburg to Moscow in 1862 , which was exhibited there in its own museum.
Since the so-called Rumyantsev Museum constantly suffered from a lack of finances and exhibition space , an initiative arose under its director Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev , who was also a professor at Moscow University, that finally set the ball rolling for the foundation of the museum. He overcame all obstacles and collected the funds for a new museum building. The foundation stone was laid in 1898, according to plans by the architect Roman Klein with the participation of the engineers Wladimir Schuchow and Iwan Rerberg . After a construction period of 14 years, the museum was officially opened on May 31, 1912.
Collection history
The basic holdings of the collection consisted of plaster casts of famous sculptures of Western art from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . But that one did not want to be satisfied with just copies, the fact that from the beginning there was also a considerable collection of ancient Egyptian originals, which Tsvetaev had acquired in 1909 from the Egyptologist Vladimir Semyonovich Golenishchev , and 12 early Italian paintings that the Russian diplomat MS Shchukin , Consul General in Trieste , had donated. This collection of paintings was continuously expanded in the following years and developed into the most important and internationally best-known part of the museum's collection.
Further additions were made in the period that followed from the Hermitage and, to a large extent, from numerous donations from numerous art collectors. After the October Revolution , expropriations made the stock grow at a rapid pace. In addition to sending entire collections from private sources, the paintings of the Western European schools from the Rumyantsev Museum and the Tretyakov Gallery were also taken over. In the period that followed, works could still be acquired from private sources, but the collection only grew in small steps from the 1930s onwards. During the Second World War , the holdings were relocated inland. The building was badly damaged, and reconstruction work began in 1944.
In the following period, in addition to its own holdings, numerous holdings from German and other European collections came to the museum, not all of which were returned to their rightful owners. The dispute over this so-called looted art , which affects not only German, but also Hungarian, Dutch and French property, is still ongoing. In 1948 the decision to divide the holdings of the “Museum of New Western European Art” between the Pushkin Museum and the Hermitage brought the museum another significant increase in works of art, especially the well-known collection of works of French Impressionism .
The treasure of Priam , Heinrich Schliemann's finds from ancient Troy, has also been exhibited there since 1996 . In 2007, the Merovingian exhibition showed looted art that was part of the collection of the Museum of Prehistory and Early History in Berlin before 1945 , such as the Eberswalder gold treasure , the sword scabbard from Gutenstein , Depot I from Dieskau and the gold find from Cottbus . In 2016, 59 statues that were formerly in the Bode Museum in Berlin were found in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow.
Departments
The following departments are dedicated to art and other cultural assets:
- Department of the Ancient Orient
- Department of Ancient Art and Archeology
- Department of the Art of the Old Masters
- Department of 19th and 20th Century European and American Art
- Graphics department
- Numismatics Department
- Private collections
- Manuscript room
- Department of Music Culture
- Photographic Art Department
The I. W. Tsvetaev Museum of Art , the "MUSEION" Center for Art Education for Children and Young People, the Scientific Library and the Department for Scientific Popularization are geared towards education . There is also an editing and publishing department as well as a department for recording and completing, restoration and conservation, exhibitions, provision of information, visual information, PR and development, foreign relations.
Collections of the Gemäldegalerie
The collection contains an important cross-section of Western European art history. In the following some outstanding artists are listed, some with a selection of works. The list is not complete:
Italian painting 13th to 18th centuries
- Giovanni Battista Pittoni : Death of Sophonisba
- Segna di Bonaventura : Crucifixion; Maria with the child
- Lippo Memmi
- Bernardo Daddi
- Sano di Pietro : Execution of John the Baptist
- Neri di Bicci
- Sassetta : St. Lawrence; St. Stephen
- Bartolomeo Vivarini
- Botticelli : Annunciation
- Cima da Conegliano : Descent from the Cross; Christ enthroned
- Perugino : Maria with the child
- Marco d'Oggiono
- Cesare da Sesto
- Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio
- Bernardino Luini
- Paris Bordone : Mary with the child and saints
- Sebastiano del Piombo : Portrait of Cardinal Pallavicini
- Paolo Veronese : Minerva; Rest on the flight into Egypt
- Lorenzo Lotto : Maria with the child
- Dosso Dossi
- Giulio Romano : Fornarina
- Parmigianino : Mystical Vow of St. Catherine
- Agnolo Bronzino : Holy Family; Cosima de Medici
- Guido Reni
- Guercino : St. Sebastian
- Pietro da Cortona
- Carlo Maratti
- Carlo Dolci
- Domenico Fetti : David with the head of Goliath
- Bernardo Strozzi : Flirty old woman; Miraculous feeding; Astronomer and student
- Salvator Rosa
- Luca Giordano
- Bernardo Cavallino
- Giuseppe Maria Crespi
- Alessandro Magnasco
- Giovanni Battista Tiepolo : Mary with the child and saints; Two saints; Death of Dido
- Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo
- Sebastiano Ricci
- Bernardo Bellotto , called Canaletto
- Francesco Guardi
Spanish painting
- Jusepe de Ribera : Apostle James the Elder; St. Anthony the Hermit
- Bartolomé Esteban Murillo : Little fruit seller
- Francisco de Zurbarán : Child Jesus; Maria with the child
- Antonio de Pereda
Old Dutch painting
- Cornelis Engelbrechtsen
- Jacob van Oostsanen
- Jan Mostaert
- Michel Sittow : Carrying the Cross
- Herri met de Bles : Walk to Golgotha
- Adriaen Isenbrant
- Joos van Cleve
- Anthony Mor
- Adrian Key
- Joachim Bueckelaer : On the market
- Jan Gossaert : Portrait of a Man
Flemish painting of the 16th / 17th centuries Century
- Peter Paul Rubens : Bacchanal; Beatification of the Infanta Isabella; Portrait of a woman; The Lord's Supper; Musius Scaevola
- Anthonis van Dyck : Portrait of Jan van den Wouwer
- Jacob Jordaens : The satyr with the peasant; Odysseus in the cave of Polyphems; Escape to Egypt
- Jan Brueghel the Elder Ä.
- Frans Snyders : Still Life with a Swan
- Jan Fyt
- Daniel Seghers
- Adriaen Brouwer : The writer; Scuffle
- David Teniers the Younger : The Temptation of Saint Anthony
Dutch painting of the 17th century
- Dirck neck
- Pieter Codde
- Hendrick Avercamp : Ice Skating
- Jan van Goyen : View of the Waal river near Nijmegen; Hay mowing
- Salomon van Ruysdael : River Landscape; Translate across the river
- Jacob Izaaksoon van Ruisdael : View of the village of Egmond
- Jan van Kessel
- Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem
- Jan Both
- Jan Weenix
- Simon de Vlieger
- Paulus Potter
- Aelbert Jacobsz. Cuyp
- Jan Steen : Peasant Wedding; Happy company
- Adriaen van Ostade : In the tavern; Brawl; Rural festival; Flute player
- Gabriel Metsu : Working Girl; The duet
- Gerard Terborch : Lady with a Fan; Music lesson
- Pieter de Hooch : Morning of a Young Man; The sick child
- Emanuel de Witte : port market; Church interior
- Pieter Claesz
- Willem Claesz Heda
- Abraham van Beyeren
- Willem Kalf
- Rembrandt : expulsion of the merchants from the temple; The unbelieving Thomas; Elderly woman; Old woman; Portrait of Adriaen van Rijn; Ahaswer, Haman and Esther
- Salomon Koninck
- Aert de Gelder : Loth and his daughters
- Gerbrand van den Eeckhout
- Carel Fabritius : Hera
- Nicolaes Maes
- Govaert Flinck
German painting
- Master of Liechtenstein Castle
- Johann Koerbecke
- Master of Messkirch
- Hans Suess von Kulmbach : Crucifixion with donors
- Monogrammist AB
- Lucas Cranach the Elder Ä .: Maria with the child; Fruits of jealousy
- Adam Elsheimer : Tobias and the angel
- Hans Rottenhammer : Rest on the Flight into Egypt
- Anton Raphael Mengs
- Angelika Kauffmann
- Jakob Philipp Hackert
- Anton Graff
- Caspar David Friedrich : mountain landscape
- Arnold Böcklin : Spring
- Adolph Menzel : In the Luxembourg Gardens; Traveling circus
- Max Liebermann : Girl with a cow
English painting
French painting of the 17th / 18th centuries Century
- Simon Vouet
- Valentin de Boulogne
- Nicolas Poussin : Joshua's fight against the Amorites; Rinaldo and Armida; Generosity of Scipio; Landscape with Hercules and Cacus
- Claude Lorrain : Tomorrow; Eve; Robbery of Europe
- Sébastien Bourdon
- Eustache Le Sueur
- Charles Lebrun
- Pierre Mignard
- Nicolas de Largillière
- Jean-Antoine Watteau : bivouac; Satire on the doctors
- Nicolas Lancret : Lady in the Garden; Society at the edge of the forest
- Jean-Baptiste Pater
- François Boucher : Heracles and Omphale; Jupiter and Callisto; Landscape with Hermits
- Jean Siméon Chardin
- Jean-Honoré Fragonard : By the fire; Organ grinder
- Hubert Robert
- Jacques-Louis David : Andromache on Hector's corpse; Self-portrait
19th century French painting
- François Gérard
- Pierre Paul Prud'hon
- Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
- Eugène Delacroix
- Théodore Géricault
- Théodore Rousseau
- Jules Dupré
- Charles-François Daubigny
- Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot : Italian Fortezza; Gust of wind; Hay load
- Gustave Courbet : Hut in the Mountains
- Jean-François Millet : Schober; Brushwood collector
- Édouard Manet : country inn; Portrait of Antonin Proust; Portrait of the dancer Rosita Mauri
- Claude Monet : Breakfast on the Grass; Boulevard des Capucines; Seagulls, Rouen Cathedral at noon
- Camille Pissarro : Avenue de l'Opera in Paris; Plowed field
- Alfred Sisley : Frost in Louveciennes
- Pierre-Auguste Renoir : La Grenouillère; Female nude Anna; Portrait of Jeanne Samary ; Moulin de la Galette; Two girls in black
- Edgar Degas : Breaking in the racehorses; Dancer with the photographer ; Sitting, drying their feet; Seated, washing their backs; Dancers at rehearsal; Dancers in blue
- Paul Cézanne : interior scene; Plain on the Sainte-Victoire; Bridge over a pond; Flowers; Peaches and pears; Pierrot and Harlequin; Men bathing; Self-portrait; Smoker
- Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec : The singer Yvette Guilbert
- Vincent van Gogh : The Sea at Saintes-Maries; Red vineyards in Arles; Prison tour; Portrait of Dr. Rey
- Paul Gauguin : Café in Arles; Bunch of flowers; "Her name is Vairaumati"; Wife of the king; The ford; Tahitians in a room; Fruit harvest; The great buddha
- Édouard Vuillard : In the garden
20th century European painting
- Henri Rousseau : Bridge in Sèvres; Muse and poet
- Pablo Picasso : Wandering Acrobats; Old Jew with boy; Spaniard from Mallorca; Acrobat on a ball; Portrait of Amboise Vollard; Lady with a fan
- Maurice de Vlaminck
- André Derain
- Paul Signac
- Pierre Bonnard
- Edvard Munch
- Albert Marquet
- Henri Matisse : Statuette and vase on an oriental carpet; Artist's studio; Goldfish; Dance around the nasturtiums
- Maurice Utrillo
- Georges Braque
- Fernand Leger
- Giorgio de Chirico
- Raoul Dufy
- Rockwell Kent
- Renato Guttuso
- Joan Miró
Directors
- Ivan Tsvetaev (1912–1913)
- Wladimir Malmberg (1913–1921)
- Vladimir Giazintow (1921–1923), incumbent
- Nikolai Romanov (1923–1928)
- Fyodor Ilyin (1928–1929)
- Vyacheslav Polonsky (1929–1932)
- Boris Etingof (1932-1933)
- Iossif Byk-Bek (1933-1935)
- Alexei Wassiljew (1935-1936)
- Vladimir Ejfert (1936–1939)
- Ivan Korotkow (1939-1944)
- WN Krylowa (1941–1942), acting
- Sergei Merkurov (1944–1950)
- Nikolai Slonewski (1950–1954)
- Alexander Samoshkin (1954–1961)
- Irina Antonova (1961-2013)
- Marina Loschak (since 2013)
literature
- Tatyana Sedova: Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts , Leningrad, 1975, ISBN 0-569-08160-2
- Irina Antonowa : The picture gallery of the Pushkin Museum in Moscow , Leipzig, 1977
- Irina Antonova: The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts , Moscow, 1986
- Georg W. Költzsch (ed.): Morosow, Schtschukin, the Russian collectors: From Monet to Picasso , Cologne, 1993, ISBN 3-7701-3144-4
- Wladimir P. Tolstikow and Michail J. Trejster: The treasure from Troja: Schliemann and the myth of Priam's gold , Stuttgart, 1996, ISBN 3-7630-2333-X
Web links
- Official website (German)
- Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts russlandjournal.de
- The State AS Pushkin Museum Google Cultural Institute
- AS Pushkin Museum eu-asien.de (online travel guide)
- State AS Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts (Moscow) worldwalk.info
- Pushkin Museum Director Marina Loschak: “You shouldn't fear the unexpected!” Russia Beyond The Headlines, July 22, 2013
Individual evidence
- ↑ Welt.de: The Gold of the Merovingians Moves Moscow , March 13, 2007
- ^ Welt.de: Sculptures from Berlin appeared in Moscow
- ↑ a b Departments of the Pushkin Museum arts-museum.ru
- ↑ http://www.arts-museum.ru/data/media/artguide/all_directors/index.php
Coordinates: 55 ° 44 ′ 50 ″ N , 37 ° 36 ′ 18 ″ E