Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov

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Vladimir Shukhov, 1891

Wladimir Grigorjewitsch Schuchow ( Russian Владимир Григорьевич Шухов , scientific transliteration Vladimir Grigor'evič Šuchov ; * August 16, July 28  / August 28, 1853 greg. In Graiworon near Belgorod ; † February 2, 1939 in Moscow ) was one of the outstanding designers of the late 19th and early 20th century and is still considered one of Russia's most important engineers .

Life

Schuchow, son of the lawyer and branch manager of the Russian State Bank Grigory Petrovich Schuchow and his wife Vera Kapitonovna, née. Poschidajewa, attended grammar school in St. Petersburg from 1863 to 1871 , where his mathematical talent was shown early on.

In 1871 he began studying at the Moscow Polytechnic , which he graduated with a gold medal five years later. As a student, he invented a special injector . He was subsequently While an assistant at Pafnuty Chebyshev offered, but the best student he first became a member of a delegation of scientists in the United States for the Centennial Exhibition in 1876 in Philadelphia sent to the local know-industry success. There he made the acquaintance of Alexander Bari , who had lived in the United States for several years, was involved in the construction of the exhibition building (with distinction) and was now in charge of the Russian delegation. In particular, he took her to Pittsburgh metallurgical plants and railroad operations. There he also met the chemist Mendeleev , who was studying petroleum engineering there.

After the delegation returned from the United States, Schuchow worked from 1876 to 1878 for the Warsaw-Vienna Railway Company in St. Petersburg as a planner of locomotive halls. In addition, he began to study medicine in the evenings at the Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg. However, the double burden affected his health, so that he finally gave up studying medicine and quit his job at the Warsaw-Vienna Society.

In 1878 Shukhov entered the service of Alexander Baris, who had returned to Russia with his family in 1877 and founded a construction office in Moscow to enter the oil business in Baku . From 1878 to 1880 Schuchow managed the Bakri branch in Baku. In 1880 he became the chief designer and engineer at AW Bari.

The Bari company participated in the construction of the railway lines, initially with the construction of bridges, later also with the construction of workshops, locomotive sheds, assembly halls, factories for locomotives and wagons and water towers. In addition to bridge constructions, around 1890 Schuchow turned to the development of roof constructions with minimal expenditure of material, labor and time. The company built eight exhibition halls and a water tower for the All-Russian Industrial and Crafts Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896 . For this purpose, Schuchow constructed innovative suspended roofs and the hyperboloid lattice tower . Through his appearance at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900 he became well known in Western Europe. After the Russo-Japanese War , he developed mines and a mount for heavy artillery as part of an armaments contract in 1910. Arms production increased during the Second World War .

In 1918, the Bari family emigrated to the United States in view of the impending October Revolution , which Shukhov rejected. After the revolution, the Bari company was nationalized and Shukhov became a member of the management team after the workers elected him chief engineer. In the same year he received an order from Lenin to build the Shabolovka radio tower , which was put into operation in 1922. He was also a member of the State Oil Planning Committee since 1918.

In 1928 he, who had meanwhile become a professor at the Moscow Polytechnic , became a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and in 1929 an honorary member of the academy and a member of the Moscow City Council. In 1929 he received the Lenin Prize for his services .

In the 1930s he took part in the planning of the steel works in Magnitogorsk , Zaporizhia and Kuznetsk . His work during the reconstruction of the Ulugbek Madrasa in Samarqand after the earthquake in 1932 with "adjustment" of a minaret was noticed worldwide .

In addition to his work as a designer, he was a passionate photographer, devoting himself to different genres ( reportage photography , urban landscape , portrait , constructivism ). Around 2000 of his photos and negatives are still preserved today.

Schuchow was married to Anna Nikolajewna born in 1894. Medinzewa, daughter of a railway doctor, and had five children. His grave is in the Novodevichy Cemetery .

plant

The world's first hyperboloid structure , 1896

Schuchow was able to design with the least amount of material and costs. His suspended roofs, arched structures, rope nets , lattice shells and lattice towers in the form of hyperboloids (he invented the steel net tower) were novel solutions that stood out for their simplicity and elegance of construction and for their unusual, bold shape. He was a pioneer in the age of reforms and the beginning of industrialization and the subsequent revolution . Long before Frei Otto , Richard Buckminster Fuller and Santiago Calatrava , he was a leading exponent of biomorphic , organic architecture .

Schuchow was chief engineer and author of the first Russian pipeline project (1878), developed an industrial system for the thermal cracking of petroleum (Russian patent no.12926 from 1891) and a process for the production of petroleum by pumping in air or water (Russian patent no.11531 from 1889). He was the designer of a special type of steam boiler ("Schuchow boiler", 1880) and designed tankers for a loading capacity of up to 12,000 tons. The cylindrical petroleum tanks he developed were built around 20,000 times by the October Revolution .

He was the first to use the form of the single-shell hyperboloid in building (Russian Imperial Patents No. 1894, 1895, 1896 of March 12, 1899). Such a hyperboloid construction was first used in 1896 in Nizhny Novgorod . About 200 hyperbolic towers, antenna masts and supports and more than 180 steel bridges were built according to Schuchow's designs. Such hyperboloid structures can be found today in many cities around the world, including the Schuchow radio tower (Russian Шуховская башня ), a 160 meter high steel lattice tower in Moscow , the hyperbolic tower in the Japanese port of Kobe and the Olympic roof by the architect Frei Otto in Munich's Olympic Park .

Construction projects

Hyperbolic NIGRES power line mast on the banks of the Oka , erected 1927–1929
Soviet postage stamp with a portrait of Shukhov and the Moscow radio tower (1963)

Buildings that are based on Schuchow's work

literature

Web links

Commons : Wladimir Grigoryevich Schuchow  - album with pictures

Pictures of buildings

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Шухов, Владимир Григорьевич (Russian, accessed November 21, 2015)
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Karin Noack, TU Cottbus: The engineer Vladimir Gregorjewitsch Šuchov ( Memento of the original from November 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on November 21, 2015) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tu-cottbus.de
  3. ^ Rotonda of the Pan-Russian Exhibition. In: Structurae , accessed July 24, 2009
  4. ↑ Hyperbolic tower in the Japanese port of Kobe ( Memento of the original from September 25, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www45.tok2.com
  5. ↑ roof of a coal mine on arch.tu-muenchen.de seen July 24, 2009
  6. ↑ https://www.nzz.ch/feuilleton/moskauer-turmbauten-und-die-poesie-der-mathematik-ld.1526280 from Dec. 2019
personal data
SURNAME Schuchow, Vladimir Grigoryevich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Шухов, Владимир Григорьевич (Cyrillic); Šuchov, Vladimir Grigor'evič (scientific transliteration)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian engineer, inventor and polymath
DATE OF BIRTH August 28, 1853
PLACE OF BIRTH Graiworon near Belgorod
DATE OF DEATH February 2, 1939
Place of death Moscow