Track tamping machine
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A track tamping machine , and ballast tamping machine or Stopfzug called, is a track-laying machine for compacting the ballast ( plugs ) in the superstructure below the thresholds. A tamping machine has a tamping unit that is equipped with vibrating tamping tines that dip into the ballast and then press and compact the ballast under the sleepers by horizontal movements. Usually tamping machines built since the 1970s are able to straighten the track grid at the same time. As a rule, special straightening machines are no longer required. For tamping in turnouts, there are special turnout tamping machines with individually movable tamping units and swing-out tamping tines as well as straightening and lifting devices with hooks that grip under the rail foot. Today's turnout tamping machines are usually equipped with lifting and straightening devices for tracks and points ( universal tamping machine ). In addition to self-propelled tamping machines, there are also small, manually attached hand tamping devices.
history
In 1916 the Prussian State Railways use the first hand tamping devices. The compressed air operated tampers were supplied by a mobile, electric compressor to which several devices could be connected. The electricity was drawn from a gasoline-powered generator that was also mobile.
In 1938 the first self-propelled tamping machine from the Scheuchzer company in Renens near Lausanne was presented in the Schweizerische Bauzeitung .
Fundamental patents for Asynchronous Pressure Vibration Tamping were granted in 1953. In 1953 Plasser & Theurer developed the first hydraulic tamping machine. Track tamping machines have been around since 1965 for tamping two sleepers at the same time, today often three, and since 2005 also four sleepers. In 2015 the first tamping machine with two-power drive appeared . It has both an electric drive fed by the overhead line and a diesel engine .
The companies Plasser & Theurer from Austria and Matisa from Switzerland are among the few manufacturers of track tamping machines .
technology
Basic principle
A tamping machine usually has its own drive, which is implemented in most cases via a diesel engine and a hydraulic gear , the latter supplying the oil pressure both for the drive and for the tamping unit. Today it is not uncommon for crossovers to reach speeds of 100 km / h. In tamping machines with an electric motor, this also drives the hydraulic pump distribution gear so that electrical work can also be carried out when the overhead line is switched on.
The tamping unit has height-adjustable tamping tines, which are made of hardened steel due to high wear . In automatic stopper are at slightly raised track depending on rails - thresholds -Auflagepunkt four or eight of these tamping picks vibrant immersed from above in the ballast bed. The pimples vibrate horizontally at a frequency of 35 Hertz . Small active surfaces at the end build and compact the ballast pack under this threshold, while the pimples are slowly pulled up while vibrating.
There are specially adapted tamping machines, in some cases with exchangeable wheel sets, for networks with different parameters for clearance gauge and track geometry, such as street , urban and underground railways . These machines are often equipped with soundproofing devices that cover the tamping unit so that work can also be carried out in the vicinity of residential areas during the night-time closures. Before lifting and after the tamping process is complete, the track position is recorded by measuring devices . In Swiss technical jargon , this plugging of the gravel bed is called grampen and the machine is called gramper or gramping device.
Cyclical and continuous working method
The first tamping machines worked cyclically: for each individual tamping, the tamping machine must be started up and immediately stopped again. Cyclic tamping machines are still built for special applications today because of their small size. There are tamping machines with hydraulic cylinders that jack up the machine so that it can be transported on a low-loader .
Modern tamping machines with continuous operation move slowly over the track during tamping and can process up to 2300 meters of track per hour. The tamping units are stored on a longitudinally movable slide in the main frame and remain above the sleepers to be tamped until the tamping process is finished. The slide then moves quickly to the next group of thresholds. The lifting device encompasses the rail heads on both sides with rollers and also serves as a leveling carriage.
Switch tamping machines
In turnout tamping machines, the tamping units and the tamping tines can be individually moved and positioned laterally and longitudinally, and the operator stations are located directly next to them with a view of the work area. In this way it is possible to carry out tamping in spite of objects such as wheel guides or busbars in the track . In switch tamping mode, the rails are gripped by adjustable hooks under the rail foot or head and thus lifted and straightened. Roller sets cannot be used in turnouts for reasons of geometry and space. Turnout tamping machines can usually also be used as universal tamping machines in the track, but they do not achieve the same performance as specialized track tamping machines. Universal tamping machines are available for the simultaneous processing of up to two sleepers.
See also
literature
- Lothar Marx, Detlef Bugenhagen, Dietmar Moßmann: Working methods for the maintenance of the superstructure , Eisenbahn-Fachverlag, ISBN 3-9801093-7-2
- Jürgen Janicki, Horst Reinhard: Rail vehicle technology. Bahn Fachverlag 2008, ISBN 3-980-80025-3 .
Web links
- K. Riebold: Large machines for work on the railway superstructure (PDF)
- Overview of numerous tamping machines
Individual evidence
- ↑ New track tamping machine . In: Schweizerische Bauzeitung , Volume 70 (1917), page 36. doi : 10.5169 / seals-33916
- ↑ track pot-machine system "Scheuchzer" . In: Schweizerische Bauzeitung , Volume 111/112 (1938) doi : 10.5169 / seals-49850 .
- ↑ a b c Rainer Wenty: Railway construction machines - ecological innovation for track maintenance. In: Deine Bahn 4/2016, pp. 14-17.
- ^ A b c d Roman Hauke, Michael Sautner: Oberbau tamping machines for special tasks. In: Eisenbahntechnische Rundschau 5/2011, pp. 22–29.
- ↑ Grammers stuff gravel under the sleepers