Graphic method
Graphic methods are used in many technical and scientific disciplines. They serve i. General as an approximation method for solving tasks for which there is insufficient data for a mathematically strict procedure or for which a numerical calculation would be too time-consuming.
Most graphic methods make use of geometric solutions, for example through rapid construction on paper using compasses and rulers. Freehand drawings are sometimes used, for example for some curve adjustments ; Here the human ability is used to recognize geometrical relationships with a few glances or to come close to a solution through intuition . Such procedures were already developed in antiquity - for example for the design of sundials or in navigation - but still offer some advantages today, as they can usually be carried out easily and quickly.
The graphic aids include rulers or rulers , compasses and protractors , sometimes curved rulers or templates, occasionally a bending rod or cords , also shadow and sight lines , rotating devices or the like. The most important geometric methods are the removal of angles and distances as well as cuts of straight lines or circles, and in some cases methods such as the construction of an ellipse or trying out different radii of curvature .
Some methods from various fields of knowledge are mentioned below as examples:
- Geometry: quick solutions for cuts in 2D space, approximately also in 3D; Center of gravity estimation using gravity lines
- Mathematics and statistics: graphical curve fitting to a sequence of points, compensating curves in scatter diagrams
- Compensation calculation: estimation of influencing factors, observation equation with perpendicles
- Surveying: location determination with the measuring table , curvature control of a clothoid , area determination with planimeters
- Navigation: graphical dead reckoning , location determination with depth line on the nautical chart.
literature
- Franz Ackerl : Geodesy and Photogrammetry , Volume 1, Chapters 4, 8, 11-12, 17 and 22. Verlag Georg Fromme, Vienna 1959
- Ralf Kern: Scientific instruments in their time , Volume 1: From astrolabe to mathematical cutlery. 15th and 16th centuries. Verlag König, Cologne 2010
- Albert Neuburger: The technology of antiquity . Reprint-Verlag Leipzig, Holzminden 2005