Great stone graves at Bronneger
| Great stone graves at Bronneger Hunebed D21-25 | |||
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 The large stone graves D25, D24 and D23 in Bronneger |
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| Coordinates | Bronneger D21 , Bronneger D22 , Bronneger D21 , Bronneger D21 , Bronneger D21 | ||
| place | Borger-Odoorn , OT Bronneger , Drenthe , Netherlands | ||
| Emergence | 3470 to 2760 BC Chr. | ||
| van Giffen no. | D21-25 | ||
The megalithic graves at Bronneger are a group of five megalithic graves of the Neolithic western group of the funnel beaker culture in Bronneger , a district of Borger-Odoorn in the Dutch province of Drenthe . The graves bear the Van Giffen numbers D21-25.
location
The graves are west of Bronneger, just north of a dirt road. Grave D21 is the westernmost. D22 is about 50 m northeast of it. Another 100 m to the east is D24. D23 is about 40 m northeast and D25 about 50 m southeast of this. About 90 m east of grave D25 are two burial mounds . There are numerous other large stone graves in the vicinity: 1.3 km to the northwest are the two large stone graves at Drouwen (D19 and D20), 1.6 km south the large stone grave Borger (D27), 1.7 km west the large stone grave Drouwenerveld (D26 ) and 2.2 km south-southeast the two large stone graves at Buinen (D28 and D29).
Research history
The existence of the graves was first mentioned in 1711 by Ludolf Smids . In 1878, finds from graves D23 – D25 were recovered by William Collings Lukis and Henry Dryden , which are now in the British Museum . In 1918 Albert Egges van Giffen documented the facilities for his atlas of the Dutch large stone graves and carried out an archaeological excavation at graves D21 and D22 . 1960–1961 the graves were restored. The facilities have been national monuments ( Rijksmonumenten ) since 1993 .
description
Grave D21
The complex is a north-east-south-west oriented passage grave . The burial chamber has a length of 7.7 m and a width of 2.9 m. It has four pairs of wall stones on the long sides, one end stone each on the narrow sides and three cap stones. The entrance is in the middle of the south-eastern long side. Originally there were two gang stones in front of it, one of which is still there today. A stone enclosure could not be found.
Grave D22
D22 is oriented east-north-east-west-southwest and is the smallest large stone grave in the Netherlands. The burial chamber has a length of 4.5 m and a width of 3 m. It has five wall stones, one end stone each on the narrow sides and two cap stones. Since the chamber is deep in the ground, only the two cap stones and one end stone are visible above ground. The entrance situation is unclear. It is therefore not possible to determine with certainty whether it is a passage grave or a dolmen . A stone enclosure could not be found.
Grave D23
D23 is oriented east-north-east-west-southwest and is in a poor state of conservation. The burial chamber has a length of 6 m and a width of 2.7 m. It originally had four pairs of wall stones on the long sides, one end stone each on the narrow sides and four cap stones. Of this, the western end stone, the adjoining wall stone pair, the cap stone resting on it, another fallen cap stone, another wall stone of the northern long side and probably the eastern end stone are still preserved. The former access to the chamber can no longer be determined. It is therefore unclear whether it is a passage grave or a dolmen. A stone enclosure could not be found.
Grave D24
The complex is an east-southeast-west-northwest oriented passage grave. The burial chamber has a length of 6.7 m and a width of 2.4 m. It originally had four pairs of wall stones on the long sides, one end stone each on the narrow sides and four cap stones. One of the wall stones on the northern long side and two cap stones are missing. The easternmost cap stone still rests on the wall stones, the second cap stone from the west only rests on one wall stone. The entrance to the chamber was in front of the middle of the southern long side. Originally there were two gang stones in front of it, one of which is still preserved. A stone enclosure could not be found.
Grave D25
D22 is oriented east-west and probably a passage grave. The burial chamber has a curved floor plan. It has a length of 7.5 m and a width of 3.6 m. It consists of four pairs of wall stones on the long sides, one end stone each on the narrow sides and four cap stones. The access is probably in the middle of the southern long side, but there are no upstream gangways here. A stone enclosure could not be found.
Finds
During his excavation in 1918 in grave D21, Van Giffen recovered 600 ceramic vessels from the funnel beaker culture and two vessels from the end neolithic bell beaker culture . to recover. He found another 41 vessels in grave D22.
literature
- Jan Albert Bakker : The Dutch Hunebedden. Megalithic Tombs of the Funnel Beaker Culture . International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor 1992, ISBN 1-87962-102-9 .
- Jan Albert Bakker: Megalithic Research in the Netherlands, 1547-1911. From 'Giant's Beds' and 'Pillars of Hercules' to accurate investigations. Sidestone Press, Leiden 2010, ISBN 9789088900341 , pp. 212-213 ( online version ).
- Albert Egges van Giffen : De Hunebedden in Nederland , 3 volumes. Oosthoek, Utrecht 1925.
- Evert van Ginkel , Sake Jager, Wijnand van der Sanden: Hunebedden. Monuments van een steentijdcultuur. Uniepers, Abcoude 1999, ISBN 978-9068252026 , pp. 174-177.
- Jan N. Lanting: De NO-Nederlandse / NW-Duitse Klokbekergroep: culturele achtergrond, typologie van het aardewerk, datering, verspreiding en grafritueel. In: Palaeohistoria. Volume 49/50, 2007/2008 (2008), p. 267 ( online ).
- G. de Leeuw: Onze hunebedden. Gids before Drentse hunebedden en de Trechterbekerkultuur . Flint 'Nhoes, Borger 1984.
- William Collings Lukis : Report on the hunebedden of Drenthe, Netherlands. In: Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London. 2nd series. Volume 8, 1878, pp. 47-55 ( online ).
- Wijnand van der Sanden , Hans Dekker: Gids voor de hunebedden in Drenthe en Groningen . WBooks, Zwolle 2012, ISBN 978-9040007040 .
- Nynke de Vries: Excavating the Elite? Social stratification based on cremated remains in the Dutch hunebedden. Master thesis, Groningen 2015 ( online ).
Web links
- The Megalithic Portal: D21 Bronneger , D22 Bronneger , D23 Bronneger , D24 Bronneger , D25 Bronneger
- hunebedden.nl: Hunebed D21 , Hunebed D22 , Hunebedden D23 en D24 , Hunebed D25
- hunebeddeninfo.nl: D21 en D22 / Bronneger-West en Bronneger-Oost , D23, D24 en D25 / Bronneger-Noord, Bronneger-Zuidwest en Bronneger-Zuidoost
- JohnKuipers.ca: D21 Bronneger , D22 Bronneger , D23 Bronneger , D24 Bronneger , D25 Bronneger
- cruptorix.nl: D21 , D22 , D23 , D24 , D25
Individual evidence
- ^ Anna L. Brindley : The typochronology of TRB West Group pottery. In: Palaeohistoria. Volume 28, 1986, pp. 93-132 ( online ). Annual figures corrected according to Moritz Mennenga : Between Elbe and Ems. The settlements of the funnel beaker culture in northwest Germany (= early monumentality and social differentiation. Volume 13). Habelt, Bonn 2017, ISBN 978-3-7749-4118-2 , p. 93 ( online ).
- ^ Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed: 464156 te Bronneger
- ^ Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed: 467478 te Bronneger