Guge
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Tibetan script :
གུ་ གེ
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Wylie transliteration : good
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Official transcription of the PRCh : Kugê
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THDL transcription : Gugé
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Other spellings: Guge
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| Chinese name |
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Traditional :
古 格 王朝
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Simplified :
古 格 王朝
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Pinyin : Gǔgé wángcháo
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Guge was an ancient kingdom in western Tibet . In addition to parts of the Ngari region, it also included the present-day areas of Zanskar , the upper Kinnaur , Lahaul and Spiti (today under Indian control) for certain periods of time . The ruins of Guge are located 1,100 km west of Lhasa in Tibet Autonomous Region , China , several hundred kilometers northwest of Mount Kailash .
history
Guge was founded in the 11th century. Its capitals were in Tholing and Tsaparang . Its founder was the great-grandson of Langdarma , the last king of the Yarlung dynasty . This king's eldest son soon became ruler of Mar-yul (Ladakh), and his two younger sons ruled western Tibet, establishing the kingdoms of Guge and Pu-hrang. At a later time the ruler Yeshe east (invited ye shes' od ), a Buddhist monk Atisha to Tibet, and thereby initiating the so-called phyi-dar phase of Tibetan Buddhist a.
The first Westerners to reach Guge were the Jesuit missionary António de Andrade and his fellow believer Manuel Marques in 1624. Perhaps as evidence of the openness of the kingdom, Andrade was allowed to build a chapel in Tsaparang and to teach the people about Christianity instruct. From 1625 to 1629/30 António de Andrade worked as a missionary in Guge. After his departure in 1630, a revolt broke out against the ruler of Guge, Thi Tashi Dagpa. According to some reports, the king's brother, a Buddhist clergyman, called Ladakhis to overthrow the ruler who had converted to Christianity. The Jesuit reports do not support the claim that the king was converted. Even before the missionaries arrived, tensions existed between Thi Tashi Dagpa and his brother, from whom he had confiscated large lands. The ruler of Ladakh besieged the fortress of Tsaparang. The king's brother persuaded him to give up by assuring him that the ruler of Ladakh would withdraw in return for paying tribute. In fact, King Thi Tashi Dagpa and his family were captured and taken to the capital of Ladakh. Guge was then declared a province of Ladakh.
Western archaeologists heard from Guge again in the 1930s through the work of the Italian Tibetologist Giuseppe Tucci . Tucci's work was mainly on Guge's frescoes .
During the Cultural Revolution , the remarkable statues that adorned these buildings were destroyed by the Chinese military. The books by Giuseppe Tucci and Lama Anagarika Govinda and Li Gotami Govinda provide the only information about the appearance of these buildings before they were destroyed.
monument
The site of the Kingdom of Guge (Chinese: Gǔgé wángguó yízhǐ 古格王国 遗址) has been on the list of monuments of the People's Republic of China (1-161) since 1961 .
Kings of Guge
| Surname | Tibetan script | Inscription after Wylie |
|---|---|---|
| Eyelet (842–905) | འོད་ སྲུནས་ | 'od sruns |
| Pelkhor Tsen (905-923) | དཔལ་ འཁོར་ བཙན་ | dpal 'khor btsan |
| Kyide Nyima Gön | སྐྱིད་ ལྡེ་ ཉི་མ་ མགོན་ | skyid lde nyi ma mgon |
| Trashi Gön | བཀྲ་ ཤིས་ མགོན་ | bkra shis mgon |
| Khorre | ཁོར་ རེ་ | khor re |
| Lhade | ལྷ་ ལྡེ་ | lha lde |
| Desolation | འོད་ ལྡེ་ | 'od lde |
| Changchub Ö | བྱང་ ཆུབ་ འོད་ | byang chub 'od |
| Tsede | རྩེ་ ལྡེ་ | rtse lde |
| Bard / Wangde | འབར་ ལྡེ ། དབང་ ལྡེ་ | 'bar lde / dbang lde |
| Sonam Tse | བསོད་ ནམས་ རྩེ་ | bsod nams rtse |
| Trashi Tse | བཀྲ་ ཤིས་ རྩེ་ | bkra shis rtse |
| Tsebar Tsen | རྩེ་ འབར་ བཙན་ | rtse 'bar btsan |
- North and South Empire:
| Northern Reich (gu ge byang ngos) | Tibetan | Southern kingdom (gu ge lho stod) | Tibetan |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cide Tsen | སྤྱི་ ལྡེ་ བཙན་ spyi lde btsan | Pelgon Tsen | དཔལ་ མགོན་ ??? dpal mgon ntsan |
| Namde Tsen | རྣམ་ ལྡེ་ བཙན་ rnam lde btsan | No king handed down for 50 years | - |
| Nyima De | - | No king handed down for 50 years | - |
| Bang | དགེ་ འབུམ་ dge 'bum | Trashi De | བཀྲ་ ཤིས་ ལྡེ་ bkra shis lde |
| Laga | ལ་ ག་ la ga | Trashi Wangchug | བཀྲ་ ཤིས་ དབང་ ཕྱུག་ bkra shis dbang phyug |
| Chögyel Dragpa | ཆོས་ རྒྱལ་ གྲགས་ པ་ chos rgyal grags pa | Pelgön De | དཔལ་ མགོན་ ལྡེ་ dpal mgon lde |
- Reunification of the North and South Reich under:
| Surname | Tibetan script | Inscription after Wylie |
|---|---|---|
| Dragpa De | གྲགས་ པ་ ལྡེ་ | grags pa lde |
| Namgyel De | རྣམ་ རྒྱལ་ ལྡེ་ | rnam rgyal lde |
| Namkhe Wangpo Phüntshog De | ནམ་མཁའི་ དབང་པོ་ ཕུན་ ཚོགས་ ལྡེ་ | nam mkha'i dbang po phun tshogs lde |
| Namri Sanggye De | ནམ་ རི་ སངས་ རྒྱས་ ལྡེ་ | nam ri sangs rgyas lde |
| Lobsang Rabten | བློ་ བཟང་ རབ་ བརྟན་ | just bzang rab brtan |
| Phagpa Lha | འཕགས་ པ་ ལྷ་ | 'phags pa lha |
| Jigen Wangchug Pekar De | འཇིག་ རྟེན་ དབང་ ཕྱུག་ པད་ དཀར་ ལྡེ་ | 'jig rten dbang phyug pad dkar lde |
| Ngagi Wangchug | ངག་ གི་ དབང་ ཕྱུག་ | ngag gi dbang phyug |
| Namkhe Wangchug | ནམ་མཁའི་ དབང་ ཕྱུག་ | nam mkha'i dbang phyug |
| Nyime Wangchug | ཉི་ མའི་ དབང་ ཕྱུག་ | nyi ma'i dbang phyug |
| Dragpe Wangchug De | གྲགས་ པའི་ དབང་ ཕྱུག་ ལྡེ་ | grags pa'i dbang phyug lde |
| Namgyel Dragpa Sangpö De | རྣམ་ རྒྱལ་ གྲགས་ པ་ བཟང་ པོའ ི་ ལྡེ་ | rnam rgyal grags pa bzang po'i lde |
- Last king of the kings of the Guge dynasty: Trashi Dragpa ( བཀྲ་ ཤིས་ གྲགས་ པ་ bkra shis grags pa ; 17th century)
See also
literature
- Allen, Charles: The Search for Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History . Little, Brown and Company. Reprint: 2000 Abacus Books, London 1999. ISBN 0-349-111421 .
- Aschoff, Jürgen C .: Tsparang - royal city in western Tibet. The complete reports of the Jesuit Father Antonio de Andrade and a description of the current state of the monasteries . OO 1989.
- Robert Vitali: The Kingdoms of Gu.ge sPu.hreng . Dharamsala 1996.
- Roberto Vitali: Records of Tho.Ling. A Literary and Visual Reconstruction of the "Mother" Monastery in Gu.Ge. Dharamsala 1999. ISBN 8186227245 .
Web links
- Capital of Guge Kingdom
- Guge: A lost empire
- "Unraveling the mysteries of Guge" by Xiong Lei, China Daily, May 8, 2003, retrieved November 24, 2005
- The Guge Kingdom / Guge Kingdom
- Guge
- Rescuing Ancient Ruins in Ngari
- Ruins of the "Guge Kingdom"
Individual evidence
- ^ Snelling, John. (1990). The Sacred Mountain: The Complete Guide to Tibet's Mount Kailas . 1st edition 1983. Revised and enlarged edition, including: Kailas-Manasarovar Travelers' Guide. Forwards by HH the Dalai Lama of Tibet and Christmas Humphreys, p. 181. East-West Publications, London and The Hague. ISBN 0-85692-173-4 .
- ↑ CARAMAN, Philip (1997): Tibet - The Jesuit Century. Tiverton: Halsgrove, p. 49
- ↑ Lama Anagarika Govinda: The way of the white clouds. Zurich 1969
- ^ Li Gotami Govinda: Tibet in Pictures. Berkeley 1979 Vol. 1 ISBN 0913546577 , Vol. 2 ISBN 0913546585