Cinderella wasps

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Cinderella wasps
Hartigia trimaculata

Hartigia trimaculata

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera)
Subordination : Plant Wasps (Symphyta)
Superfamily : Cephoidea
Family : Cinderella wasps
Scientific name
Cephidae
Newman , 1835

The stem sawflies ( Cephidae ) are a family of sawflies (Symphyta) forming a paraphyletic grouping on the basis of the Hymenoptera. 164 species are currently known worldwide. Some species are harmful to agriculture and horticulture.

features

Cinderella wasps are strikingly graceful and elongated plant wasps with a very elongated, cylindrically shaped abdomen. They are small to medium in size and between 4 and 18 millimeters long. The short head is very mobile and clearly separated from the trunk (long neck region with large cervical sclerites). The antennae are elongated and thread-like with many links (about 16 to 30). In the females, they are sometimes slightly thickened towards the front. The elongated prothorax, which is almost straight at the back, is noticeable on the trunk. The "Cenchri", that is, two oval shaped, rough fields on the upper side of the thorax, which are used to hold the wings in rest position, are missing in the straw wasps. By this characteristic they are isolated among the plant wasps , they have it in common with the waist wasps (Apocrita). The slender legs only have a terminal apical spur on the anterior tibia . The claws are usually two-pointed, and often lobed at the base. In the wing, the front edge field between the leading edge of the wing ( Costalader ) and the parallel artery behind it (Radius / Subcosta) is mostly dark colored, the rest of the wing is clear. The abdomen of the straw wasps is clearly somewhat constricted and narrowed on the second segment, viewed from the side. This narrowing resembles the "wasp waist" of the waist wasps and is pronounced in the same place, but different in the anatomical fine structure. The female wears a conspicuous ovipositor of moderate length on the abdomen, the tip of which protrudes noticeably above the tip of the abdomen (that is, it or its vagina is visible from above). Depending on the relatives, the ovipositor is strongly saber-shaped or almost straight. To the left and right of it at the end of the abdomen there are often two long, one-part processes, the cerci . In males, the abdominal plates ( sternites ) of the rear abdominal segments are often reshaped, often recessed or with conspicuous bristles.

The yellow wasps are usually black in color. Yellow drawing elements are present in the many types. The abdominal segments often have yellow bands or lines, and parts of the legs and head are often drawn in yellow.

Larvae

Hartigia trimaculata larva in a rose branch

Due to the mining lifestyle, the larvae have a different physique than most other plant wasps. The larva is colored white. The three pairs of legs on the trunk ( thorax ) are reduced to one-limbed stumps without claws, the abdominal feet on the abdomen are completely absent. The end of the abdomen is usually drawn out to a point, usually darkly sclerotized , which is used for anchoring.

Way of life

The larvae of all species mine inside stalks or twigs (never leaves). Most species have one larva in each stem, but some species can have several. Most species build their mine in blades of grass (tribe Cephini), others live inside the branches of trees and bushes, with an emphasis on the rose family. Few species mine in herbaceous plants, almost always herbaceous rose plants, the genus Pachycephus , which is common in the Mediterranean region, in poppy species. The adults usually fly in spring to early summer. The females drill the eggs into the stem of the host plant with their ovipositor. In some (not all) species, the female bends the abdomen in the narrowing point (the "wrong" wasp waist) towards the stalk or branch. In some species that mine in trees or bushes, the female pierces the branch many times in a helix before laying eggs, which then dies above the oviposition site. The mined branch can often swell a little in the inhabited part. The larva eats for a few weeks and during this time it sheds a few (usually five) times. When fully grown, it creates a web within the plant in which it pupates (in a few species pupation takes place in the ground as an exception). In this form, the overwintering takes place as a pupa or old larvae ready to pupate ("prepupa") until the new generation of adults hatch in the coming spring. As far as is known, all species have only one generation per year (univoltin).

Cephus cinctus , life cycle

Economic importance

Some species mine in stalks of grain and appear as agricultural pests. On the one hand, the damage is due to the reduced growth caused by the mine. In many cases, it is more important that the larvae, which are ready to pupate, partially gnaws at the stem above their pupation location and weakens it so that it kinks slightly. The kinking stalks are often lost during machine harvesting, which can greatly reduce the yield. Harvest losses between 5% and around 30%, in individual cases even more, are not uncommon. The damaging species differ depending on the region. The most important species in Europe and North America are the cone wasps Cephus pygmaeus and Trachelus tabidus . In China, Cephus fumipennis is particularly important. In North America, besides the two mentioned species introduced from Europe, Cephus cinctus is one of the most economically important pests of grain. This species is controversial as to whether it is indigenous to America and passed over to the imported grains, or whether it was brought in from Asia, possibly with packaging straw. The main problem with all cone wasps is that they can hardly be combated by using insecticides because the larva lives well protected within the stalk. Control methods include e.g. B. the use of special wheat breeding lines with solid (not hollow) stems, but which bring a slightly lower yield, or cultivation variants with delayed sowing in order to break the synchronicity with the life cycle of the pest.

Some other species that mine in the branches of fruit trees are considered harmful, at least regionally. However, the economic damage is usually very small. Some of the corresponding species are very rare.

In the case of some sawfly, a use in biological pest control is being considered; they should be used to control introduced plant species ( neophytes ). It is important that many species feed on only one or a few related plant species in a very host-specific manner, so that there is no risk of transfer to other (domestic or economically important) species. The use of Hartigia albomaculata against blackberries, which have been introduced into Australia and are feared as pasture weeds, is being examined.

Systematics

The wasps are isolated by a number of characteristics within the plant wasps, so that they are the only family (monotypically) placed in a separate superfamily Cephoidea. The relationship of the Cephoidea is not fully understood. Traditionally, mainly because of the lack of the cenchri and the implied wasp waist, it was assumed that they were closely related to the waist wasps and possibly their sister group. However, this position has not been confirmed in more extensive studies. Today the sawfly wasps, together with the wood wasps, the sword wasps, the Orussidae and the waist wasps, are part of a family group called "Unicalcarida". Their exact phylogeny is still uncertain, but the most basic group of the wasps are probably the sister group of the other families taken together.

Three subfamilies are distinguished within the straw wasps:

The subfamily Cephinae is widespread in Europe, in the north of Asia and America (Holarctic). While many species are still found in the Mediterranean region , the occurrence rapidly thins out towards the south. In South America and Africa they are completely absent, in tropical Asia only two species have been discovered so far.

In Germany there are 19 species in the following genera:

The German species are determinable with

The following species have been described worldwide:

Cephidae:

  • Cephites Heer, 1849: 2 fossil species

Athetocephinae:

  • Athethocephus Benson, 1935: 2 species in Madagascar
  • Sulawesius grandoculus DR Smith & Shinohara, 2002 from Sulawesi

Australcephinae:

  • Australcephus storeyi DR Smith & S. Schmidt, 2009 from Australia

Cephinae:

  • Electrocephus stralendorffi Konow, 1897, fossil species, probably from Poland
  • Mesocephus Rasnitsyn, 1968, two fossil species from Russia

Cephini:

  • Calameuta Konow, 1896, 28 species, mainly in Eurasia and also in the Nearctic
  • Cephus Latreille, 1803, 36 species in Eurasia and the Nearctic
  • Trachelus Jurine, 1807, 8 Palearctic species, T. tabidus was introduced to North America and occurs there as a pest

Hartigiini:

  • Caenocephus Konow, 1896: 4 species in Eurasia and the Nearctic
  • Hartigia Schiödte, 1839, 30 species in Eurasia
  • Janus Stephens, 1829: 29 species
  • Jungicephus mandibularis Maa, 1949 in China
  • Magnitarsijanus kashivorus Yano & Sato, 1928 in Japan
  • Megajanus longithecus Wei, 1999 in China
  • Miscocephus cyaneus Wei, 1999
  • Sinicephus giganteus Enderlein, 1913
  • Stenocephus Shinohara, 1999: S. flavomaculus Wei, 2007 in China, S. oncogaster Shinohara, 1999 in Japan
  • Stigmatijanus Wei 2007: S. armeniacae Wu, 2008 and S. stigmaticus Maa, 1949 in China
  • Syrista Konow, 1896: 5 species in Eurasia
  • Tibetajanus Wei, 1996: T. fulvus Wei, 1996 and T. stigmata Wei, 2005 from China
  • Urosyrista : 3 species from China, Myanmar, Taiwan and Vietnam
  • Sepulca Rasnitsyn, 1968: 3 fossil species from Russia

Pachycephini:

  • Characopygus Konow, 1899: 4 species in the Western Palearctic
  • Pachycephus JPEF Stein, 1876: 2 species each with 2 subspecies in the Western Palearctic

Web links

Commons : Cephidae  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

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  2. ^ AB Gahan: Black grain-stem sawfly of Europe in the United States. In: United States Department of Agriculture. Bulletin. 834, 1920, pp. 1-18.
  3. ↑ AM Gol'berg: Biology of the stem sawflies Trachelus tabidus and Cephus pygmaeus in the Negev of southern Israel. In: Entomologia experimentalis et applicata. 40 (2), 1986, pp. 117-121.
  4. ^ SM Blank, A. Taeger: Case 3542. Trachelus Jurine, 1807 (Hymenoptera, Cephidae): proposed precedence over Astatus Panzer, [1801]. In: Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 68 (1), 2011, pp. 65-70.
  5. ^ Black Sawfly. Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries
  6. ↑ Songbi Chen, Kim A. Hoelmer, Hongyin Chen, Aiping Liu, Thomas G. Shanower: A Review of Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) Research in China. In: Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology. 21 (4), 2004, pp. 249-256.
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  8. ↑ Michael A. Ivie: On the Geographic Origin of the Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae): A New Hypothesis of Introduction from Northeastern Asia. In: American Entomologist. 47 (2), 2001, pp. 84-97.
  9. ↑ Janet J. Knodel, Patrick B. Beauzay, Eric D. Eriksmoen, Jeremy D. Pederson: Pest Management of Wheat Stem Maggot (Diptera: Chloropidae) and Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) Using Insecticides in Spring Wheat. In: Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology. 26 (4), 2009, pp. 183-197.
  10. ^ Jean Louis Sagliocco, Eligio Bruzzese: Biological control of Rubus fruticosus agg. (Blackberry): is the leaf rust the only option for Australia? In: Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Canberra, Australia, April 27-2 May 2004. 2003, pp. 141-145.
  11. ↑ Michael J. Sharkey, James M. Carpenter, Lars Vilhelmsen, John Heraty, Johan Liljeblad, Ashley PG Dowling, Susanne Schulmeister, Debra Murray, Andrew R. Deans, Fredrik Ronquist, Lars Krogmann, Ward C. Wheeler: Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hymenoptera. In: Cladistics. 28, 2012, pp. 80-112. doi: 10.1111 / j.1096-0031.2011.00366.x
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  21. ↑ AP Rasnitsyn: Sepul'ki i proihozhdenie steblevyh pilil'shhikov (Hymenoptera: Cephidae, Sepulcidae). [Sepulcidae and the origin of stem sawflies.] In: VI Tobias (Ed.): Sistematika nasekomyh i kleshhej. [Systematics of insects and mites.] Trudy Vsesojuznogo entomologicheskogo obshhestva. Leningrad 1988, pp. 68-73. (Russian)
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  26. ↑ a b A. Shinohara: A study on Stem Boring Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Cephidae) of the Tribe Hartigiini from Japan and Korea. In: Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology. 5 (1), 1999, pp. 61-77.
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  29. ↑ a b M. Wei, H. Nie: Studies on Chinese Cephidae IV - Four new species of Janus Stephens with a list of Chinese Cephidae (Hymenoptera). In: Entomotaxonomia. 19 (2), 1997, pp. 146-152. (Chinese)
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  32. ↑ M. Yano, K. Sato: Two new species of Chalastogastra from Japan. In: Kontyû. 2, 1928, pp. 209-212.
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  34. ↑ M.-C. Wei: First record of the genus Stenocephus Shinohara (Hymenoptera, Cephidae, Hartigiini) from China with description of a new species. In: Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica. 32 (2), 2007, pp. 477-481. (Chinese, abstract in English)
  35. ↑ X.-Y. Wu, H. Xin: A new species of the genus Stigmatijanus Wei (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) from China. In: Entomotaxonomia. 30 (1), 2008, pp. 61-64. (Chinese, abstract in English)
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