Haqqa

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The Haqqa (also: Heqqe ) are a special religious group in the Kurdistan Autonomous Region .

history

The Haqqa originated at the beginning of the 20th century. Its founder was Sheikh Abdulkarim von Sergelu. He came from the Qādirīya family of the Berzincîs , but had received permission to spread the teachings of the Naqshbandi order. His teaching differed so much from this that one has to speak of an independent, new Tarīqa . Its center was the village of Shadala in the Dukan district. The Haqqa sought to create a community based on social equality, shared property, and greater freedom for women, some of whom became religious leaders. However, they reject the accusation of having practiced free sexual relations between men and women. Among the poor and oppressed, the sect gained many followers from around 1930. After a few years it is said to have existed in around 300 villages. In their villages they farmed collectively and practiced complete community of property. Anyone could become a member, even rich people. Some powerful Aghas joined the sect, they had to burn their expensive clothes as an initiation and run on all fours like donkeys with a rope around their necks to prove their humility.

Because they refused to pay taxes, the founder of the order was arrested by the British for the first time in 1934, but released under pressure from his supporters. His successor, Mame Riza, was also arrested by the British in 1944 and deported to an internment camp in southern Iraq. The reason for this was that he had dispatched 50 armed men to support Mustafa Barzani , who escaped from house arrest in Sulaimaniyya and was organizing a new uprising in the Barzan area . At that time, according to British information, the order had several hundred, according to Kurdish information up to 12,000, in any case several thousand peasant followers. They left their villages to follow their leader into exile. The British then allowed Riza to return to Sulaimaniyya and placed him under house arrest so that his followers could visit him.

After a disciple of Mame Rizas, Hama Sur, rebelled against him, the order split into followers of Mame Rizas and followers of Hama Sur. In 2003 the groups still existed. A cousin of Mame Riza's second leader, Ali Askari , was one of the most popular guerrilla leaders in the last Barzani revolt in 1974/75 and was one of the founding members of the PUK after Barzani's defeat in 1975 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Thomas Schmidinger, Austrian Society for the Promotion of Kurdology, Lecture: The Haqqa Movement: A Heterodoxy Between Religion and Politics , October 2013 ( Memento of the original from March 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kurdologie.at
  2. ↑ UN Joint Humanitarian Information Center, map of the Dukan district, pdf, Shadala is located southeast of Lake Dukan
  3. ^ A b Christiane Bird: A Thousand Sighs, A Thousand Revolts: Journeys in Kurdistan , Random House, 2007, p.210, Google Books
  4. ↑ Halkrawl Hakim: Les Kurdes par delà l'exode , page 109, Edition Harmattan, Google Books
  5. ↑ Andrea Fischer-Tahir: "We gave many martyrs". Resistance and collective identity formation in Iraqi Kurdistan , ISBN 978-3-89771-015-3 , Münster 2003, pp. 66, 72

Literature and Sources

  • Martin van Bruinessen : Agha, Sheikh and State - Politics and Society of Kurdistan , 2nd edition, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-88402-259-8 , pp. 392, 453–456, 496 f.
  • Mistefa Eskeri: Awirdaneweyek le bizûtnewey 'Heqe'. Baghdad 1983 ( Sorani )
  • Thomas Schmidinger : The Haqqa Community: A Heterodox Movement with Sufi Origins, in: Khanna Omarkhali (ed.), Religious Minorities in Kurdistan: Beyond the Mainstream, Wiesbaden 2014, ISBN 978-3-447-10125-7 , pp. 227– 235

Web links