Harmonia (animal species)

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Harmonia
Four-point ladybird (Harmonia quadripunctata) laying eggs

Four-point ladybird ( Harmonia quadripunctata ) laying eggs

Systematics
Order : Beetle (Coleoptera)
Subordination : Polyphaga
Family : Ladybird (Coccinellidae)
Subfamily : Coccinellinae
Tribe : Coccinellini
Genre : Harmonia
Scientific name
Harmonia
Mulsant , 1846
Color morphs of the Asian ladybird ( Harmonia axyridis )
Asiatic ladybird larva ( Harmonia axyridis )
Harmonia conformis

Harmonia is a genus of the ladybird family. The genus belongs to the subfamily of the Coccinellinae .

features

The beetles reach a body length of 4 to 8 millimeters. The elytra are smooth and moderately to strongly convex. The antennae have eleven segments at the head and a three-part lobe at the end that is only moderately compact. The antennae are quite short, their length is slightly shorter than the head. The front edge of the clypeus is straight between two side protrusions in the middle. The end segment of the mandibular probe is ax-shaped. On the trunk section, the pronotum is transversely and simply arched, its lateral edge either bent up or thickened. The middle chest is outlined at the front edge, the protrusion of the front chest has two distinct keels. The side edges of the elytra are narrowly bent up, their folded epipleurs have no pit. The middle and rear rails of the legs do not have any spurs at the top, they are usually also missing on the front rails.

The coloring and drawing of the genus Harmonia is not only very variable between the species, but also within the individual species. The basic color of the wing covers is usually red to orange with black spots. The spots can be connected to each other and form black bands. With many types and color variants, the black drawings take up a large area and merge with one another, so that only a few red spots remain.

Differentiation of individual species

The differentiation of the individual species within the genus is often very difficult and in some cases can only be made with certainty by examining the sexual apparatus. The Asian ladybird ( Harmonia axyridis ), for example, has no definite distinguishing feature from Harmonia yedoensis that can be used in field research . The two species sometimes occur in the same habitat, e.g. B. in Japanese coniferous forests. Around half of all specimens of Harmonia axyridis , however, have an arched fold at the junction of the two elytra, which is definitely missing in Harmonia yedoensis .

The four-point ladybird ( Harmonia quadripunctata ) and the Asian ladybird ( Harmonia axyridis ) have many color variations. Some color variants of the two species in Europe are very similar to each other. However, the drawing of the pronotum is suitable for differentiation. The four-point ladybug has several dark spots on a light background. In addition to a group of five in the middle, the middle three points of which are sometimes fused to form a “V” -shaped drawing, there is also a black spot on each of the lateral edges. The sides of the pronotum of the Asiatic ladybug usually have wide, sometimes narrower white borders. A group of points in the middle of the pronotum forms an m-shaped pattern in this species.

Occurrence

The four-point ladybird was originally the only species of this genus in Europe . Most of the species occur in Asia to Japan and across the Malay Archipelago to Australia and New Zealand . Some species have also been introduced to other continents for biological pest control .

Way of life

Most species feed mainly on aphids , some also on leaf fleas or dwarf leafhoppers . The Asian ladybug also eats other small insects and fruit, such as grapes and chipped apples and pears, which is why it is considered a pest in agriculture.

Freshly hatched larvae often eat the remaining eggs of the clutch as well as eggs of other insects, e.g. B. leaf beetles .

Taxonomy

Martial Étienne Mulsant introduced the genus in 1846 in his book Histoire Naturelle des Coléoptères de France (Natural history of the French beetles), but his work Species des Coléoptères Trimères Sécuripalpes from 1850, in which the genus is also listed, is often given as the first description, without considering previous work. The type species is the four-point ladybird . At the time of Mulsant this was known in science as Coccinella marginepunctata (Schaller, 1783), today it is named after an older work by the Dane Erik Pontoppidan from 1763 and its position in the genus Harmonia quadripunctata described by Mulsant .

In 1943, PH Timberlake analyzed the type specimens of several other genera of ladybirds and came to the conclusion that the genus Callineda introduced by George Robert Crotch in 1871 for some Southeast Asian species was actually only a synonym for Harmonia . Therefore the species of this genus such as Callineda sedecimnotata and Callineda testudinaria were transferred to the genus Harmonia . In 1964, two new species from New Guinea , Harmonia basinotata and Harmonia uninotata , were described by Ryszard Bielawski and added to the genus Harmonia .

species

European species:

  • Asiatic ladybird ( Harmonia axyridis ) (Pallas, 1771), native to Nepal, China, Taiwan, Japan; introduced to Europe and the USA
  • Four-point ladybird ( Harmonia quadripunctata ) (Pontoppidan, 1763), Europe, Middle East to Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq.

Non-European species:

supporting documents

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Amir Biranvand, Oldřich Nedvěd, Wioletta Tomaszewska, Amir Al Ansi, Lida Fekrat, Zahra Mojib Haghghadam, Mehdi Zare Khormizi, Sara Noorinahad, Derya Senal, Jahanshir Shakarami, Danny Haelewaters (2019): The gencinellus Harmonia, Danny Haelewaters (2019) Middle East region. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 59 (1): 163-170. doi: 10.2478 / aemnp-2019-0014
  2. ↑ SA Slipinski: Australian Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) their biology and classification. ABRS, Canberra 2007. pp. 161-162.
  3. ↑ Naoya Osawa, Kazunori Ohashi: Sympatric coexistence of sibling species Harmonia yedoensis and H. axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and the roles of maternal investment through egg and sibling cannibalism European Journal of Entomology, 105, pp. 445–454, 2008 full text ( PDF)
  4. ↑ Kayo Nakamura, Kazuki Miura, Peter De Jong and Hideki Ueno: Comparison of the incidence of sibling cannibalism between male-killing Spiroplasma infected and uninfected clutches of a predatory ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). European Journal of Entomology, 103, pp. 323–326, 2006 full text (PDF, English)
  5. ↑ Erich Pontoppidan's concise news on natural history in Denmark. Rothe & Profft, Copenhagen 1765 (published post mortem )
  6. ^ Jean-Pierre Coutanceau (2008): Le genre Harmonia (Mulsant, 1846) (Coleoptera Coccinellidae). Harmonia 1: 4-16.
  7. ^ A b R. Bielawski: A Review of the New Guinean Species of the Genus Harmonia Muls. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Pacific Insects, 6, 1, pp. 5–13, 1964 full text (PDF, English; 941 kB)

literature

  • Martial Étienne Mulsant : Histoire Naturelle des Coléoptères de France. Sulcicolles-Sécuripalpes. Maison, Paris 1846
  • Martial Étienne Mulsant: Species des Coléoptères Trimères Sécuripalpes. Annales des Sciencies Physiques et Naturelles, d'Agriculture et d'Industrie, publiées par la Société nationale d'Agriculture, etc., de Lyon, 1850
  • R. Korschefsky: Remarks on the exotic Coccinellidae of the old world with description of a new species. Entomologische Mitteilungen, 17, pp. 41–43, Berlin-Dahlem 1928
  • PH Timberlake: The Coccinellidae or ladybeetles of the Koebele Collection. Part I. Bulletin of the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, Entomological Series, 22, pp. 1-67, Honolulu 1943
  • GR Crotch: List of Coccinellidae. Printed by the author, Cambridge 1871
  • GR Crotch: A revision of the coleopterous family Coccinellid. KW Janson, London 1874
  • T. Blackburn: Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. XII. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 15, 2, pp. 207-261, 1892
  • RD Pope: A revision of the Australian Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). Part 1. Subfamily Coccinellinae. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 2, [1988], pp. 633-735, 1989
  • SA Slipinski: Australian Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) their biology and classification. ABRS, Canberra 2007

Web links

Commons : Harmonia  - album with pictures, videos and audio files