Hawza

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Fażl-ibn-Šāẕān-Ḥawza building in Nishapur

A hawza , also hauza ( Arabic حوزة, DMG Ḥawza ; Persian حوزه) or Hawza ʿilmiyya , is a Shiite university where students are trained in the various disciplines of Islam . First the basics and then more in-depth knowledge are learned in order to be able to pass this on.

origin

In the 11th century, the Sunni universities, madrasa , were professionalized. Comparable Shiite institutions only existed when the Twelve Shia was elevated to the status of the state religion in 1501 by Shah Ismail I in the Safavid Empire . Shiite learning centers emerged in Hilla , Aleppo and Isfahan in the 18th century , and in Najaf and Karbala in the 19th century .

The most important seminars for Shiites today are in Najaf and Qom . Qom was founded in 1922 by Ayatollah Abdolkarim Haeri Yazdi as the most important Iranian hawza, as a counterpart to Najaf. There are also universities in Lebanon , Syria and other Arab countries.

Education

The basic and main studies usually last ten years and include the basics of law / Fiqh , logic and morals . Even after completing their basic training, many of the students take part in courses at the university, some of them study for their entire life and can achieve various grades.

At the end of their studies, a student receives a certificate ( īǧāza ) in which his teacher certifies that he is able to make independent legal judgments ( iǧtihād ). It is not uncommon for the students to then switch to other lecturers in order to gain a greater reputation.

Hawzas do not accept government support and receive their living from gifts, taxes, donations and Shiite foundations.

literature

  • Gholamali Haddad Adel, Mohammad Jafar Elmi, Hassan Taromi-Rad (Eds.): Hawza-yi 'Ilmiyya, Shi'i Teaching Institution: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam . (Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam.) EWI Press, 2012, ISBN 9781908433060
  • Khalid Sindawi: Ḥawza Instruction and Its Role in Shaping Modern Shī'ite Identity: The Ḥawzas of al-Najaf andQumm as a Case Study. In: Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 43, No. 6, November 2007, pp. 831-856

Individual evidence

  1. Everything in Qom is religion. Zeit.de (accessed on December 21, 2012)
  2. IRAQ xi. SHIʿITE SEMINARIES ( Encyclopædia Iranica , accessed December 21, 2012)
  3. ḤĀʾERI, ʿABD-AL-KARIM YAZDI Encyclopædia Iranica, accessed December 21, 2012
  4. see: Mullah
  5. Khalid Sindawi: Ḥawza Instruction and Its Role in Shaping Modern Shī'ite Identity, p. 838