Homonym (taxonomy)
In biological nomenclature , a homonym is a name for a taxon that is spelled identical to another name, which, however, was assigned to a different taxon.
The rule in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) states that the first of the names published as older homonym ( English senior homonym ) has to apply and use (this makes him a " valid name "); all other (well-written) names are younger homonyms ( English junior homonyms ), they are preoccupied and must be replaced by new names. However, it is possible that if the older homonym is out of date and is not “predominantly used”, it may be declared a nomen oblitum and not available , and the younger homonym protected as a nomen protectum .
An example:
- Georges Cuvier suggested in 1797 the generic name Echidna for the echidna before.
- Johann Reinhold Forster had published the name Echidna for a genus of moray eels as early as 1777 .
- However, Forster's name is given priority following the priority principle, which makes Cuvier's name the younger homonym.
- Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger published the replacement name Tachyglossus in 1811.
Similarly specified the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) that the first to be used by two or more published homonyms: A later homonym ( English later homonym ) is " illegitimate " and should not be used, unless it is a preserved (or in the case of mushrooms, sanctioned ) name.
An example: The later homonym Myroxylon Lf (1782) (family of legumes ) becomes forest compared to the previous homonym Myroxylon JR. & G.Forst. (1775) (now called Xylosma , from the willow family ) preserved.
Parahomonyms
According to the rules of the botanical code, names that are similar enough to be confused are also considered homonymous (Article 53.3, parahomonyms ). For example, the name Astrostemma is Benth. (1880) an illegitimate homonym of Asterostemma Decne. (1838). In the zoological code there are a number of spelling variants which are considered to be identical (Article 58).
Hemihomonyms
Both codes only deal with taxa that are in their special focus (in the ICZN animals; in the ICN primarily plants). Therefore, both names are valid if they were assigned to an animal and a plant taxon, even if their spelling is identical. These names are called hemi-homonyms . So is z. B. the name Erica both that of a jumping spider genus ( Erica Peckham & Peckham, 1892) and that of heather ( Erica L.).
Hemihomonyms also exist at the species level, where organisms from different kingdoms share the same two-part name. Orestias elegans denotes e.g. B. both a fish species ( animal kingdom ) and an orchid species ( plant kingdom ). There are at least six such duplicates:
| animal | Plant / mushroom |
| Agathis montana Shestakov (a species of wasp ) | Agathis montana de foliage. (the Mount Panié Kauri, a conifer) |
| Asterina gibbosa pennant (a starfish ) | Asterina gibbosa Gaillard (a mushroom ) |
| Baileya australis Grote (a moth of the owl family ) | Baileya australis Rydb. syn. B. multiradiata (a relative of marigolds ) |
| Centropogon australis White (a fish of the browfin family ) | Centropogon australis Gleason (a plant of the bluebell family ) |
| Orestias elegans Garman (a member of the Cyprinodontidae ) | Orestias elegans Ridl. (an orchid ) |
| Tritonia pallida Stimpson (a slug from the nudibranch group ) | Tritonia pallida Ker Gawl. (a plant from the iris family ) |
Individual evidence
- ↑ International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, Articles 53, 15, and 13 . Retrieved June 14, 2013.
- ↑ Alexey Shipunov: The problem of hemihomonyms and the on-line hemihomonyms database (HHDB) . In: Bionomina . 4, 2011, pp. 65-72.
- ↑ Orestias elegans - Wikispecies . Retrieved April 5, 2017.
- ↑ Category: Species-level hemihomonyms - Wikispecies . Retrieved April 5, 2017.