Tagetes
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Narrow-leaved marigold ( Tagetes tenuifolia ) |
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The Tagetes ( Tagetes ), and Marigold , velvet flower ( obsolete: marigold), Turkish carnation or dead flower called, is a genus of the family Asteraceae (Asteraceae). The 50 to 60 species are widespread from the United States to Mexico and Central America to South America . Many varieties are used as ornamental plants and are among the most famous summer flowers and are suitable for beds and balconies.
The varieties of Tagetes erecta (erect marigold), Tagetes patula (spread marigold) and Tagetes tenuifolia (narrow-leaved marigold), which are often planted in Central Europe, are rarely and inconsistently feral here. Tagetes lucida (shiny marigold) and Tagetes minuta (Mexican marigold) are also seldom planted.
The flower was named after the Etruscan god of the day .
description
Tagetes styles are highly fragrant, usually richly branched, upright growing annual and perennial herbaceous plants , rare half bushes or shrubs . They usually reach 10 to 80, rarely up to 200 centimeters in height. The leaves are mostly opposite, occasionally also alternate in the upper stem section. They are usually one to three pinnate or pinnate, rarely undivided, the blades linear, lanceolate to ovate. The leaves are punctured by numerous glandular cavities, these are filled with essential oils .
The cup-shaped heads stand in terminal, loosely grape-like cymes , rarely individually or in dense panicles, occasionally on long, hollow flower stems. The heads have tubular florets inside, which are surrounded by a ring of bilobed ray florets, which can rarely be missing; in most of the cultivated varieties, however, only sterile ray flowers are present (double flowers). The bracts of the head shell are fused always row and on the largest portion of their length to one another, carry one or two rows of oil glands. An outer shell is missing. The flowers are colored yellow, white, orange, often multi-colored with red to red-brown tips. The florets, often five to eight in unfilled varieties, are truncated or bilobed at the end. The number of tubular flowers varies greatly depending on the species. The achenes are black in color, blunt pyramidal or cylindrical to spindle-shaped, only rarely somewhat flattened, hairy or glabrous. They have a pappus that only consists of two to five, rarely up to ten, often of unequal length scales.
The number of chromosomes is x = 12.
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Systematics and distribution
The genus Tagetes was established by Carl von Linné . It was named after the Etruscan god of the day .
The 50 to 60 Tagetes species are widespread from the southwestern USA through Mexico and Central America to Argentina (South America).
The genus Tagetes includes 50 to 60 species:
- Tagetes apetala Posada-Ar. : It occurs in Colombia .
- Tagetes argentina Cabrera : It occurs in the Argentine provinces of Córdoba , Mendoza and San Luis .
- Tagetes biflora Cabrera : It occurs in Chile and in the Argentine provinces of Mendoza, La Rioja and San Luis.
- Tagetes campanulata Griseb. : It occurs in the Argentine provinces of Catamarca , Jujuy , La Rioja, Salta and Tucumán .
- Tagetes dianthiflora Kunth : It occurs in Ecuador and in the Peruvian departments of Ancash , Ayacucho , Cusco , Huánuco , Junín , La Libertad , Lima and Piura .
- Tagetes elliptica Sm .: This endemic occurs only in the Peruvian department of Ancash.
- Upright marigold ( Tagetes erecta L. ): It is found in Mexico , Guatemala and Peru .
- Tagetes erythrocephala Rusby : This endemic occurs only in Peru in the Peruvian Department of Puno .
- Tagetes filifolia Lag . : It iswidespreadfrom Mexico via Guatemala , Honduras , El Salvador , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama to Venezuela , Colombia , Bolivia , Ecuador , Peru and Argentina .
- Tagetes foetidissima DC. : It is distributed from Mexico via Guatemala, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
- Tagetes gracilis DC. : It occurs only in Peru in the departments of Cuzco and Lima.
- Tagetes hartwegii Greenm. : It occurs in the Mexican states of Jalisco and Nayarit .
- Tagetes heterocarpha Rydb. : This endemic occurs only in the Mexican state of Jalisco.
- Tagetes laxa Cabrera : It occurs in the Argentine provinces of Catamarca, Jujuy, Salta and Tucuman.
- Tagetes lemmonii A.Gray : It thrives at altitudes of 1400 to 2500 meters only in the US state of Arizona and the Mexican state of Sonora .
- Tagetes lucida Cav. : The home is Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras.
- Tagetes mendocina Phil .: It occurs in the Argentine provinces of Mendoza, Catamarca, La Rioja, San Juan and San Luis.
- Tagetes micrantha Cav. : It thrives at altitudes of 1,500 to 2,600 meters in the US states of Arizona, New Mexico as well as Texas and Mexico.
- Tagetes minuta L .: The home is Bolivia, Ecuador, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Chile. It is a neophyte in Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii and Madagascar.
- Tagetes mulleri S.F.Blake : This endemic occurs only in the Mexican state of Nuevo León .
- Tagetes multiflora Kunth : Sis is common in Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile and in the Argentine provinces of Catamarca, Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta and Tucuman.
- Tagetes nelsonii Greenm. : It occurs from the Mexican state of Chiapas to Guatemala.
- Tagetes parryi A.Gray : This endemic occurs only in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí .
- Tagetes patula L .: The home is Mexico. It is a neophyte in Nicaragua, Cuba and Puerto Rico, Europe, Africa, India, the Philippines and New Zealand.
- Tagetes pectinata Turcz. : It occurs in Peru.
- Tagetes perezii Cabrera : It occurs only in the Argentine province of San Juan .
- Tagetes pringlei S. Watson : It occurs in the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Durango, Aguascalientes , Jalisco, México and Michoacán .
- Tagetes remotiflora Kunze : It is found in the Mexican states of Durango, Sinaloa, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico and Michoacán.
- Tagetes riojana M.Ferraro : It occurs in the Argentine provinces of Catamarca and La Rioja.
- Tagetes rupestris Cabrera : It comes in the Argentine provinces of Salta and Tucuman.
- Tagetes stenophylla B.L.Rob. : It comes in the Mexican states of Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacán and Morelos.
- Tagetes subulata Cerv. : It is distributed from Mexico via Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua to Colombia and Venezuela.
- Narrow-leaved marigold ( Tagetes tenuifolia Cav. , Syn .: Tagetes signata Bartl. ): It is distributed from Mexico via Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua to Costa Rica.
- Tagetes terniflora Kunth : It occurs in Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru and Argentina.
- Tagetes verticillata Lag. & Rodr. : It occurs only in Ecuador.
- Tagetes zyaquirensis Humb. & Bonpl. : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.
The following are no longer included in the genus Tagetes :
- Tagetes rotundifolia Mill. → Round-leaved Tithonia ( Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) SFBlake )
Based on molecular genetic studies, the former genera Adenopappus and Vilobia were synonymous with Tagetes .
hybrid
In culture there are usually annual hybrids that can be divided into groups of varieties (selection):
- 'African': These are hybrids of the species Tagetes erecta . They grow very compact and have densely filled, up to 12 cm wide flowers.
- 'Afro-French': These are hybrid crosses of Tagetes erecta and Tagetes patula with numerous small flowers.
- 'French': These are hybrids of Tagetes patula that have flower heads about 5 cm wide, with the ray flowers framing a brightly colored center.
- 'Signet': Signet hybrids have Tagetes tenuifolia as their stem form. The flowers appear plentiful and long, are simple and up to 3 cm wide.
use
Ornamental plant
The colors of the inflorescences of the Tagetes varieties range from lemon yellow to brownish red, some hybrids also have two-colored flower heads. In the older varieties, the dark green, pinnate leaves are characterized by a strongly aromatic odor, which many people find unpleasant. This smell has been bred out of the newer varieties. However, an intense smell of the marigold has the advantage that pests like the whitefly are driven away.
Marigolds make little demands on the garden soil, but they do best in sunny locations. Tagetes are also grown as cut flowers . They are among the most famous summer flowers and are suitable for both flower beds and balcony boxes.
Underplanting
Tagetes is used as a helper plant in kitchen gardens and orchards. Strawberries get a stronger aroma, and marigolds serve as snail bait, protecting neighboring plants from snail damage. By planting marigolds, the “ soil fatigue ” caused by nematodes can be successfully combated, which leads to a reduction in crop yields for useful plants.
Field plant
Occasionally one encounters large Tagetes fields in the open landscape in Germany. Tagetes is used outside of gardens for flower strips and wild fields and acts as a corridor between corn fields . First and foremost, it is about counteracting the progressive loss of food sources and habitats for many wild animals and enhancing the ecological and visual value of the landscape. In the case of a primarily ecologically justified land use, however, care must be taken that animals are not poisoned by ingesting large quantities of marigolds. Therefore, wild fields with a high share of marigold are rather rare in Germany.
In areas used regularly growing vegetables or strawberries, Tagetes as a catch crop used for biological nematode control.
Use of the ingredients
Colorants
Tagetes are sometimes grown commercially to produce the yellow pigment lutein . Lutein is the main carotenoid in marigold flowers. Lutein is used as a food coloring E161b and as a feed additive, particularly for poultry, to turn egg yolks yellow . In the Middle Ages, marigolds were used as a means of dyeing textiles. With the addition of alum , the color was golden yellow.
seasoning
Tagetes minuta is used as a spice in Peru. The leaves of the Mexican marigolds lucida (German: Würz-Tagetes) can also be used as a spice or to make tea. Their aroma is reminiscent of anise.
A sandwich called “El Chimbobazo” was created in Lausanne . Between two slices Quinoabrot are cod , red onions, slightly fruity yellow peppers (aji Amarillo) cooked in the oven with Chimichurri from Huacatay, the Peruvian name for Tagetes minuta , seasoned. With this product, its creator Ivalu Acurio won the 11th Sandwich World Cup in 2016.
The Huacatay aroma is also used in South America to make perfumes. Tagetes are also used in the cosmetics industry.
In the Caucasus, the spice made from dried Tagetes erecta is known as " imeretic saffron".
Remedy and drug
The essentiality of lutein in the visual process in the human eye was discovered only a few years ago. Lutein deficiency causes degeneration of the macula , which occurs mainly in older people. According to drug manufacturers, taking six milligrams of lutein daily in multivitamin tablets can prevent this degeneration. In 2004, the US FDA , together with the Joint Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), assessed doses of 145 milligrams of lutein / zeaxanthin per day for a person weighing the equivalent of 72.6 kilograms as safe and harmless. However, according to the American authority, the mode of action is unclear.
The Tagetes lucida is said to have a "psychoactive, slightly psychedelic " effect, which should be explained by the coumarin derivatives it contains . In Germany, the deliberate creation of such effects does not fall under the Narcotics Act and is not a criminal offense.
Lute acquisition and marketing
To obtain pure lutein, the flowers of the marigold are picked, then fermented , dried and processed into pellets . The harvest is around 15 tons of marigold flowers per hectare. The lutein content in fresh marigold flowers is 1.8 grams per kilogram of fresh weight. About 27 kilograms of pure lutein can be produced on one hectare. The marigold pellets are supplied to companies that extract lutein with an organic solvent. The end product is what is known as oleoresin , in which lutein is present in high concentration as a diester. This oleoresin is incorporated into gelatine capsules, tablets or dragees for human consumption by the pharmaceutical industry.
The main growing areas of marigolds for commercial purposes today are China (about 50 percent of the world market), India (about 25 percent), Thailand, Latin America and Africa. The world market in 2004 was about 140 million US dollars. The growth until 2009 is estimated at six percent annually. The most important suppliers for lutein formulations are Kemin Industries in the USA, DSM in Holland and Cognis in Düsseldorf.
Genetic transformations
Recently attempts have been made to transform marigolds to produce other carotenoids by genetic modification. In 2004, Martin Klebsattel carried out a dissertation at the University of Halle in which a flower-specific change in the carotenoid biosynthesis of Tagetes erecta was made. The goal was to redirect a large part of the metabolite flow towards the beta-carotenoids. For this purpose, a chromoplast-specific lycopene-beta-cyclase (CycB) from tomato was expressed in the flower of Tagetes erecta and the lutein content of the Tagetes flower was reduced.
literature
- Christian Grunert : Garden flowers from A to Z , Neumann Verlag, Radebeul 1984.
- Description of the genus in the Flora of North America . (engl.)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Thomas Meyer: Genus: Studentenblume (Tagetes). In Flora-de: Flora of Germany (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia)
- ↑ Marigold , Tagetes. In Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller: Rothmaler - excursion flora from Germany: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants. Springer-Spektrum, Berlin and Heidelberg 2007. ISBN 978-3-662-50419-2 , on p. 602.
- ^ Rudolf Köster: Proper names in the German vocabulary: A lexicon. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York 2003. ISBN 3-11-017701-3 , on p. 172
- ↑ J. Panero: 1216. Tagetes L. in AA Anderberg et al .: Compositae. In JW Kadereit and C. Jeffrey (editors): Flowering Plants, Eudicots, Asterales. Vol VIII in K. Kubitzki (editor): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Springer Verlag Berlin etc. 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-31050-1 , p. 429.
- ^ John L. Strother: 321. Tagetes Linnaeus. Flora of North America vol. 21, Asteraceae. on-line
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Tagetes in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ Thuringian State Agency for Agriculture: Upright velvet flower (Tagetes erecta): Utilization
- ^ John C. La Duke (1982): Revision of Tithonia. Rhodora 84 (840): 453-522.
- ↑ DJ Loockerman, BL Turner, R. K Jansen: Phylogenetic relationships within the Tageteae (Asteraceae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplast ndhF gene sequences. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 28, Issue 1, 2003, pp. 191-207. Full text on BioOne.
- ↑ Underplanting - more than just protection against unwanted weeds . jedermannsgarten.de
- ↑ Flowering plants . 3N Competence Center Lower Saxony Network for Renewable Resources and Bioeconomy eV
- ↑ Dyeing fabrics . medieval.wikia.com
- ↑ Peru is at the fore in culinary terms The best sandwich in the world shows the taste of the Andes . alimentarium.org
- ↑ Marigold (Tagetes lucida) - Psychoactive, slightly psychedelic dream herb . magischepflanzen.de. 15th October 2015
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