Hydrazine fuel cell
Like all fuel cells , a hydrazine fuel cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy . To do this, it uses hydrazine as an energy supplier (“ fuel ”) and, in the case of the hydrazine-oxygen fuel cell, air or oxygen as an oxidizing agent . A hydrazine hydrogen peroxide fuel cell has also been developed. Hydrazine fuel cells are of particular historical interest and are suitable for possible military applications. The high toxicity of hydrazine , which is also considered carcinogenic , prevents it from being widely used.
The reversible cell voltage of a hydrazine-oxygen fuel cell is around 1.6 V , which is higher than that of many other fuel cells. In addition, the possible current densities are extremely high.
Historical
In 1966 Karl Kordesch drove a motorcycle powered by hydrazine and hydrazine fuel cells. He drove it over 480 km (300 miles) at a speed of approx. 40 km / h (approx. 25 miles per hour) and indicated the consumption with approx. 3.8 l (1 gal) of hydrazine for approx. 320 km ( 200 miles). In 1967, Kordesch published a description of the hydrazine air fuel cell and the 300 W unit developed by Union Carbide Corporation . Also Varta and Siemens worked for a time of hydrazine fuel cells. In 2012, Daihatsu introduced a concept vehicle that was fueled with hyrazine hydrate. A specially designed tank bound the hydrazine in a polymer.
Reaction equations
For the reaction in alkaline solutions - the fuel cell is then an alkaline fuel cell - the reaction equations apply:
Values between 1.56 V and 1.57 V and 1.61 V are specified for the reversible cell voltage. It is also possible to operate hydrazine fuel cells with acidic electrolytes, but for this a particularly corrosion-resistant catalyst, usually platinum , must be used. In alkaline electrolytes, noble metals such as silver or palladium can alternatively serve as catalysts.
For the hydrazine hydrogen peroxide fuel cell the reaction equation is:
- Overall reaction:
The reversible cell voltage for this reaction is 2.13 V. In practice, the open-circuit voltage is just under 1.8 V, while in operation in 2 MN 2 H 4 or 2 MH 2 O 2 at a current density of 128 mA per cm 2 a cell voltage of approx. 0.96 V was reached.
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c d e Neil V. Rees, Richard G. Compton: Carbon-free energy: a review of ammonia and hydrazine-based electrochemical fuel cells . In: The Royal Society of Chemistry (Ed.): Energy & Environmental Science . tape 4 , no. 4 , 2011, ISSN 1754-5692 , p. 1255-1260 , doi : 10.1039 / c0ee00809e ( rsc.org ).
- ↑ a b c d Noriko Hikosaka Behling: History of Alkaline Fuel Cells . In: Fuel Cells . Elsevier, 2013, ISBN 978-0-444-56325-5 , pp. 37-51 , doi : 10.1016 / b978-0-444-56325-5.00003-x ( elsevier.com ).
- ^ A b GE Evans, Karl V. Kordesch: Hydrazine-Air Fuel Cells . Hydrazine-air fuel cells emerge from the laboratory. In: Science . tape 158 , no. 3805 , December 1, 1967, ISSN 0036-8075 , p. 1148–1152 , doi : 10.1126 / science.158.3805.1148 ( sciencemag.org ).
- ↑ Vincent Rice: Daihatsu Kei concepts bet on hydrazine as future fuel. In: Automotive. New Atlas / Gizmag Ltd., April 2, 2012, accessed June 21, 2019 .
- ↑ Aaron Turpen: Daihatsu experimenting with hydrazine as a fuel cell Possibility. In: Torque News. Hareyan Publishing, LLC, February 14, 2012, accessed June 21, 2019 .
- ↑ a b c Alexey Serov, Chan Kwak: Direct hydrazine fuel cells: A review . In: Applied Catalysis B: Environmental . tape 98 , no. 1-2 . Elsevier, July 2010, ISSN 0926-3373 , p. 1–9 , doi : 10.1016 / j.apcatb.2010.05.005 ( elsevier.com ).
- ↑ M. Abdolmaleki, I. Ahadzadeh, H. Goudarziafshar: Direct hydrazine-hydrogen peroxide fuel cell using carbon supported Co @ Au core-shell nano Catalyst . In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy . tape 42 , no. June 23 , 2017, p. 15623–15631 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ijhydene.2017.05.059 ( elsevier.com ).