Ictíneo II
 Replica of the Ictíneo II at the port of Barcelona
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The Ictíneo II was next to the French Plongeur one of the first submarines with mechanical propulsion and was designed and built by the Catalan Narcís Monturiol as a successor to the Ictíneo I. The boat was a anaerobically with manganese (IV) oxide , zinc and potassium chlorate driven powered motor.
history
After the promising demonstrations of his Ictíneo I from the citizens of Spain and Cuba, Narcís Monturiol had collected a total of 300,000 pesetas and founded the company La Navegación Submarina . Construction began in January 1862 and the Ictíneo II was launched on October 2, 1864 . It was initially driven manually by 16 men and still only moved at 1 kn . During her maiden voyage on May 20, 1865 in the port of Barcelona , she reached a depth of 30 m. To arouse the interest of the military, a cannon with a caliber of 10 cm was fired while submerged .
Since the desired minimum speed of 2.5 knots was not reached, Monturiol planned to build a new submarine completely out of metal and propel it with a steam engine . Since he could not raise the necessary money for this, a steam engine was installed in the Ictíneo II . On October 22nd, 1867, the first voyage was undertaken while the surface was surfaced. An average speed of 3.5 kn and a maximum speed of 4.5 kn were achieved. For the ride under water, a fuel was chosen that burned anaerobically (?) And renewed the air in the hermetically sealed space. The manganese (IV) oxide-based reaction that Monturiol devised produced enough heat to produce water vapor . Oxygen was produced as a waste product , which was to be collected in special tanks and provided for breathing air. This drive was tested on December 14, 1867. It turned out that the amount of steam produced was insufficient to propel the submarine - it did not move at all. On December 23, La Navegación Submarina went bankrupt and the lenders asked for their money back. Monturiol had spent a total of 500,000 pesetas, for which several frigates could have been purchased. The main lender was awarded the Ictíneo II . Since the state levied taxes, as on any ship, it was quickly sold for scrapping. The steam engine continued to be used in a textile factory. Narcís Monturiol, who could only stand by and watch the events, was devastated.
A pseudoscientific work claims that the Ictíneo II was used by the coral divers from Cadaques until 1937 and thus for 73 years. This information has even been adopted unchecked by other authors.
description
The submarine was 14 m long, 2 m wide, the submarine body was 3 m high, the total height was 3.50 m and weighed around 46 tons. The frame was made of 10 cm thick olive wood . The outer skin consisted of 6 cm thick oak wood and copper frames, which were covered with 2 mm thick copper plates . The interior had a size of about 29 m³. At the top was a 1.30 m wide deck and a viewing dome for the helmsman. Between the pressure and the outer shell there were four ballast tanks that could be filled or emptied with a pump in order to regulate the diving depth. There was also a weight in the submarine that could be moved to stabilize the horizontal position.
A mixture of manganese (IV) oxide, zinc and potassium chlorate in a mass ratio of 120: 75: 10 (corresponds to a molar ratio of about 17: 14: 1) served as anaerobic fuel . When burning, in addition to the heat of combustion, oxygen was also released, which could be added to the breathing air. All other reaction products such as zinc oxide , manganese (II, III) oxide and potassium chloride were solid. So there were no toxic or harmful gases such as carbon dioxide .
A replica of the Ictíneo II can be seen today at Port Vell in Barcelona. On Avinguda Diagonal in Barcelona, the avant-garde sculptor Josep Maria Subirachs Narcís Monturiol has erected a monument in honor of the Ictíneo II . The next submarine with anaerobic propulsion was the VS 80 , which was only launched in 1940 .
literature
- Narciso Monturiol: Ensayo sobre el arte de navegar bajo el agua , Barcelona 1891 ( online )
- Manuela Gogolin: Barcelona - A Mosaic of Stories , Norderstedt 2019, ISBN 978-3-7481-9155-1 , pp. 116-120 ( online )
- Matthew Stewart: Monturiol's Dream: The Submarine Inventor Who Wanted to Save the World: The Extraordinary Story of the Submarine Inventor Who Wanted to Save the World , 2004, ISBN 978-1-86197-401-3
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Narciso Monturiol: Ensayo sobre el arte de navegar bajo el agua , Barcelona 1891, p. 22
- ↑ Cindy Lee Van Dover: A Utopian's Submarine ( online )
- ↑ Thomas Ritter: Ictineo II - The model of the Nautilaus at Mysteria3000 Alternative archeology & PaleoSETI research
- ↑ Submarines. The history of the submarines. Garant Verlag, Renningen 2017, ISBN 978-3-7359-1338-8 , p. 19