Residual (Pareto)

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The important sociologist , social psychologist and economist Vilfredo Pareto developed a special theory of social residuals as a “ pre-reflective pattern of interpretation ” (according to Maurizio Bach ). For Pareto, who thinks very strongly in terms of natural science and inductive thinking, a residue was an “analytically indissoluble emotional structure” ( Gottfried Eisermann ), an effective residual quantity that does not represent an “ instinct ”, “ drive ” or even a “ principle ”, but nevertheless represents the human being inevitably steers. This is admittedly seldom enough, but people always find glossing over explanations ( “derivations” ) with which they explain their actions . Psychology also speaks of “ rationalization ” here.

The six residuals

According to Pareto, actions go back to only six different "classes" of "residuals" :

  • I : the "instinct of combinations" (not an instinct in the zoological sense! - but a complex of actions that can include, for example, habitual trickery / chinchin)
  • II : the "persistence of the aggregates" (the need for stable social conditions, combined with the impartial use of force to establish or maintain them)
  • III : the need to express feelings through actions ,
  • IV : the need for sociability , d. H. after adjusting to others and to one another,
  • V : striving for the integrity of the individual and that which is his or her own (attributes, including possessions),
  • VI : the sexual residue (no “drive” - but also here a complex of actions that can also include asceticism ).

Areas of application

Since Pareto explains the difference between social “ revolution ” and “ evolution ” with the help of the two residuals of class I and II , these two have become the best known. Figuratively speaking, the “instinct of combinations” denotes the “ foxes” (from Pareto - following Machiavelli - so-called), the “persistence of the aggregates” the “lions”. Inevitably, in political rule after him, the “foxes” replaced the “lions” in an evolutionary way, whereas the “lions” in a revolutionary way from the “foxes”.

In his business, both residuals differentiate between “ speculators ” and “ rentiers ”, and these categories can be used to examine long-term developments in the capital market .

source

  • Vilfredo Pareto, Trattato di sociologia generale (German system of general sociology ), Florence 1916, §§ 845 ff.

literature