Ishikawa Takuboku
Ishikawa Takuboku ( Japanese 石川 啄 木 ; born February 20, 1886 in Hinoto , Minamiiwate County , today part of Morioka ; † April 13, 1912 in Tokyo ), actually Ishikawa Hajime ( 石川 一 ), was a Japanese poet, tankist and literary critic of the Meiji period .
Life
Morioka period
Ishikawa Takuboku was born on February 20, 1886 in Nisshō-san Jōkō-ji ( 日照 山 常 光寺 ), a temple of the Sōtō School in the village of Hinoto of the former Minamiiwate County , Iwate Prefecture. (The village of Hinoto corresponds to the area of the same name in today's Tamayama district of Morioka city .) He was the eldest son of the temple chief priest Ishikawa Itsutei ( 石川 一 禎 ) and his wife Katsu ( カ ツ ). (February 20, 1886 is recorded as the date of birth in the family register, but October 27, 1885 is mentioned elsewhere.)
In March 1887 the family moved to the village of Shibutami (today, like Hinoto , part of the Tamayama district of the city of Morioka ), because the father had been transferred to the local temple Hōtoku-ji ( 宝 徳 寺 ) as high priest .
In 1891 Takuboku attended the normal elementary school in Shibutami ( 渋 民 尋常 小学校 , Shibutami jinjō shōgakkō ). From 1895 he lived in Morioka; where he attended the Higher Primary School ( 盛岡高等小学校 , Morioka Kōtō shōgakkō ) and from 1898 the normal middle school ( 岩手県盛岡尋常中学校 , Iwate-ken Morioka Jinjo chūgakkō , in the years after Takubokus enrollment only chūgakkō ken Iwate Morioka ; the present name is Morioka Ichikō , currently German "First high school of Morioka").
During his time in middle school, he fell in love with his future wife Horiai Setsuko ( 堀 合 節 子 ), then attending the girls' school in Morioka, and met Okayama Fui and Kindaichi Kyōsuke , with whom he became friends. By reading the literary magazine Myōjō he came into contact with the Tanka poems by Yosano Akiko and others. He was also influenced by Nomura Osakazu ( 野村 長 一 ), later Nomura Kodō , and Oikawa Koshirō , both of whom were students in a higher class at the time. He called the Tanka community Hakuyōkai ( 白羊 会 , dt. "White sheep community") into life and published Tanka written with friends from December 1902 until the following year in Iwate's daily newspaper, Iwate Nippō ( 岩手 日報 ). For his own tanka he used the pseudonym Suikō ( 翠 江 ). These were also Takuboku's first publicly printed works.
In 1902 he published under the pseudonym Hakuhin ( 白 蘋 ) Tanka in the magazine Myōjō .
Since, contrary to this first literary work, he often stayed away from school lessons, only achieved poor grades and (according to the diary of his classmate Funakoshi Kingorō [ 船 越 金五郎 ]) was caught trying to cheat during class work, he received a recommendation from the school to leave. On October 27, 1902, he dropped out of school and went to Tokyo with the goal of a literary career. There he attended the English school ( 正 則英語学校 , Seisoku eigo gakkō ; today Seisoku gakuen kōtō gakkō ; it was an institution where English-language English lessons, called seisoku-eigo , were given).
On November 9th, he attended a meeting of the Shinshisha poets ' association. With this he was through their magazine Myōjō , in which he had published Tanka in connection. The next day he visited Yosano Tekkan , the magazine's founder and editor, and his wife Akiko, and wrote Tanka during his ongoing stay. But because he could not find a permanent job and fell ill with tuberculosis , he returned to his homeland in February 1903, accompanied by his father.
In May and June 1903 he wrote for the Iwate Nippō reviews and began again in November to write Tanka for the Myōjō . He was accepted into the circle of the magazine and used the pseudonym Takuboku for the first time . In December he published the long poem Shūchō ( 愁 調 ) in Myōjō , which brought him attention in literary circles.
He asked for Horiai Setsuko on January 8, 1904, and received family approval six days later.
In September and October 1904 he traveled to Aomori and Otaru and moved into quarters with his brother-in-law, who lived in the latter city and was station master there. On October 31, he went again to Tōkyō to publish a poem compilation.
On January 5, 1905, he took part in the New Year's meeting of the Shinshisha Association.
On May 3, he published his first compilation of poems Akogare through the Odajima Shobo publishing house with a foreword by Ueda Bin and an afterword by Yosano Tekkan .
On May 12, his father registered his marriage to Setsuko at Morioka City Hall, although Takuboku, now 19, was not present himself. He also did not take part in the formal wedding ceremony for which the relatives met.
On June 4th he returned to Morioka and lived there in a household with his father, mother, wife and his younger sister Mitsuko ( 光子 ). The maintenance of the whole family fell to him. The father and the whole family had to leave the Hōtoku temple in March due to late payment.
On September 5, Takuboku founded the literary magazine Shōtenchi ( 小天地 , dt. "Small World"; publisher was his father Itsutei) and published works by more than 30 writers, including Iwano Hōmei , Masamune Hakuchō and Osanai Kaoru . But although the Shōtenchi gained a good reputation as a regional literary magazine, the publication had to be stopped due to financial difficulties.
On February 17, 1906, Takuboku visited another brother-in-law in Hakodate , who was also the station master, in order to consult with him about the family emergency, but a solution could not be found.
On February 25th, Takuboku's eldest sister Sada ( サ ダ ) died of tuberculosis.
On March 4, he returned with his mother and wife to Shibutami and received on April 14 at the normal and high school in Shibutami ( 渋 民 尋常 高等 小学校 , Shibutami jinjō kōtō shōgakkō ) a job as an assistant teacher. He was exempted from drafting for military service at the draft on April 21 because of weak muscles and bones. In June he started writing prose. In December he completed his criticism Rinchūsho ( 林中 Kritik ).
On December 29th, his first daughter, Kyōko ( 京 子 ), was born. His life took a quiet course at this time, until on April 1, 1907, with the intention of ending his teaching profession in favor of a new life on Hokkaidō , a petition for dismissal was submitted. This was rejected, but he managed to get his release on strike.
Wandering years
On May 5, 1907, he moved to Hakodate, Hokkaidō. His wife and their daughter moved to their parents' house in Morioka, and his younger sister moved to live with his brother-in-law in Otaru .
In June he became an assistant teacher at the Yayoi -Normal Primary School ( 弥 生 尋常 小学校 , Yayoi jinjō shōgakkō ) and met Tachibana Chieko ( 橘 智 恵 子 ), with whom he fell unhappily, without reply, in love.
In August, he worked as an on- call reporter for the Hakodate daily newspaper, the Hakodate Nichinichi Shimbun ( 函館 日 日 新聞 ), in addition to his position as an assistant teacher , but left the city during the great fire in Hakodate.
In September he was in Sapporo proofreader for another newspaper, the Hokumon Shimpō ( 北 門 新 報 ). At the end of the month, however, he moved again, to Otaru , and became a reporter for the local daily newspaper Otaru Nippō ( 小樽 日報 ). However, when he was physically assaulted during internal conflicts in December, he quit this job as well. One of his colleagues at Otaru Nippō was Noguchi Ujō .
On January 4, 1908 he heard at the "Socialist Lecture Conference " ( 社会主義 演説 会 , Shakai shugi enzetsukai ) in Otaru a speech by the then socialist Nishikawa Kōjirō and got to know him personally. He then took up a position at the publishing house of the then newspaper Kushiro Shimbun ( 釧 路 新聞 ), but because of dissatisfaction with the chief editor-in-chief on the one hand and attraction to the creative activity in Tōkyō, he decided in March to leave the city of Kushiro again.
Writer in Tokyo
From April 18, 1908, he stayed for a while with the Shinshisha association in Sendagaya , Tokyo .
On May 2, he accompanied Yosa Tekkan to the poets' meeting Kanchōrō kakai ( 観 潮 楼 歌 ) taking place in the house of Mori Ōgais . A total of eight people took part.
On May 4, Kindaichi Kyōsuke , who had been a class above him in middle school , let him take quarters in Kikuzaka , in the former Tokyo district of Hongō . Takuboku sold novels to earn a living, but to no avail. In the midst of his makeshift life, he wrote some well-known poems from June 23 to 25 (including Tōkai no kojima ... and Tawamure ni haha o seoite ... ) and published them in the following month along with 246 other poems the Myōjō magazine. As a friend, Kindaichi gave him a wide range of support up to his own wedding, which also included financial donations.
On September 6, he moved to accommodation in Morikawa , also located in the former Tokyo district of Hongo.
In November he published his novel Torikage ( 鳥 影 ) in the Tōkyō Mainichi Shimbun ("Tōkyōter Tageblatt" ). When the Myōjō magazine was taken out of print, he turned to the founding preparations of the Subaru magazine and was nominal editor when it first appeared in 1909.
On March 1, after successfully looking for a job, he became a proofreader at the Tōkyō-Mainichi-Shimbun .
On April 3, he began to keep his diary in Latin script. On April 7, he gave his new notebook the title Rōmaji nikki ( ロ ー マ 字 日記 , "diary in Latin script"). A Japanese-transcribed edition of the text in Latin script was not implemented until the 1970s, more than 60 years after Takuboku's death. The fact that up to then a part had been printed upside down was due to the fact that Takuboku had bluntly described various pleasure trips to Asakusa . Much of his debt, as reported by Kindaichi Haruhiko , Kindaichi Kyōsuke's son, was due to this kind of amusement.
On June 16, the wife, child and mother from Hakodate came and moved to the upper floor of the Kinotoko ( 喜 之 床 ) barber shop in Hongō.
In October Takuboku's wife Setsuko went back to Morioka to her parents' house after disagreements with her mother, but returned a short time later through the efforts of Kindaichi Kyōsuke. In December the father also came.
At the end of March 1910, Takuboku finished correcting the " Futabatei -Gesamtausgabe" ( 二 葉 亭 全集 , Futabatei Zenshū ) and took care of all the formalities of the publication.
Sickness and death
On July 28, 1911, Takuboku's wife, Setsuko, was also diagnosed with apex catarrh. To recover, they moved to Hisakata in the former Tokyo district of Koishikawa . On November 3rd, the father left the house. In December, Takuboku contracted peritonitis and pulmonary tuberculosis.
His mother died on March 7, 1912. He himself died on April 13th in Hisakata from tuberculosis. His last lesson with him was his wife, father, and friend Wakayama Bokusui . Ishikawa Takuboku was 26 years old.
His second compilation of poems Kanashiki Gangu ( 悲 し き 玩具 , dt. "Sad toys") appeared after his death in the publishing house Shinonomedō-shoten ( 東 雲堂 書店 ). Toki Zenmaro informed him of the imminent release on April 9, shortly before his death .
After Takuboku's death
The funeral ceremony took place on April 14, 1912 in the Tōkōji Temple ( 等 光寺 ) in Asakusa . Also Natsume Soseki participated. Since the Tōkō-ji was the birth temple of Toki Zenmaros, this took care of the organization of the funeral ceremony.
Setsuko gave birth to a baby girl on June 14th. On June 16, the second compilation of Takuboku's poems was published under the title Kanashiki Gangu, chosen by Toki Zenmaro .
On September 4, Setsuko moved with their two daughters into their parents' house, which was now in Hakodate . On May 5, 1913, Setsuko finally died of tuberculosis. Her father took care of the upbringing of the two daughters. In the publishing Shinonomedō Shoten published meanwhile Takuboku IKO ( 啄木遺稿 , dt "Takuboku - left behind writings.") And Takuboku KASHU ( 啄木啄木歌集 , dt "Takuboku - collected Tanka.").
1915 appeared in the same publisher Warera no ichidan to kare ( 我 等 の 一 團 と 彼 , German "Our group and he").
In 1919 a three-volume complete edition was published by the Shinchōsha publishing house with the efforts of the Friends of Takuboku . Complete editions were also subsequently published by several publishers.
literature
Translations
- Lonely than the winter storm. Poems from the collection of sad toys. Frauenfeld 2018, Waldgut Verlag, ISBN 978-3-03740-129-3 .
- Sad toy. Poems and prose. Frankfurt am Main 1991, Insel, ISBN 3458166041 .
- A handful of sand . Gifu 1986, self-published by Itoh Tsutomu.
- Poems by Takuboku . Gifu 1983, self-published by Itoh Tsutomu.
Secondary literature
- Ruth Linhart: Ishikawa Takuboku and Japanese Naturalism: A Contribution to Completing the Takuboku Image in Japanese Literary History . Institute for Japanese Studies at the University of Vienna, Vienna 1971.
Web links
- Kokusai-Takuboku-Gakkai / Takuboku International Science Society
- The author's biography as a chronological table
- Ishikawa Tokuboku Kinenkan / Memorial
- Ishikawa Tokuboku Hakodate Kinenkan / Hakodate Memorial
- Digitized works at Aozora Bunko
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Ishikawa, Takuboku |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | 石川 啄 木 (Japanese); 石川 一 (Japanese, real name); Ishikawa Hajime (real name) |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Japanese poet and literary critic of the Meiji period |
| DATE OF BIRTH | February 20, 1886 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Hinoto , Minamiiwate County (now Morioka ), Iwate Prefecture , Japan |
| DATE OF DEATH | April 13, 1912 |
| Place of death | Tokyo , Japan |