Jaffa orange

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Brand of Jaffa oranges from Sarona and Wilhelma
Orange farm in Bir Salim , before 1940

The Jaffa orange (pronunciation: [ jaffɐ oˈrɑ̃ːʒə ]), rarely also Shamouti orange , is a sweet, almost seedless variety of oranges . It was originally grown in Palestine in the mid-19th century . The fruit takes its name from the city of Jaffa , where it was first produced for export . It was one of the three most important oranges that grew in the Levant . The Jaffa orange is grown in the Middle East in Iraq , Lebanon and Syria, as well as in Cyprus and Turkey . At the time of cooperation in the cultivation and export of these oranges, they were seen as a symbol of positive Arab-Jewish relations.

history

In Palestine

Jewish immigrants near Nahariya , 1948

The orange is located at the interface between the continents of Africa , Western Asia and Europe . Palestine produced a number of goods for export through the imperial and global distribution networks in the late Islamic period (A.D. 1200–1900). Among these goods were soap, sugar, barley, Jaffa oranges and cotton .

The Jaffa orange was a new variety for Arab farmers, after which it first developed in emerging countries. In the mid-19th century, Palestine developed a mutation on a Beladi tree near the city of Jaffa, while the sour orange ( C. aurantium ) species was brought to the west by Arab merchants. The Jaffa orange originated from the sweet orange ( C. sinensis ), which was also initially brought from China.

Orange growers from Sarona on the S (ch) aron plain , an agricultural colony of the Temple Society , were the first to use the Jaffa Orange trademark on their fruits. The Jaffa orange was first brought to Florida, United States by HS Sanford in the 1880s . Jewish immigrants to Palestine took the Jaffa orange with them in large numbers, which were grown by Arab farmers.

“The cultivation of oranges, which was introduced by the Arabs before the beginning of the Jewish settlement, has expanded on a very large scale as a result of this settlement. There is no doubt that the level of perfection brought to the cultivation technique and cultivation of orange and grapefruit in Palestine is based on the scientific methods of Jewish agricultural experts. "

- Hope Simpson Royal Commission report from 1930 - Chapter VIII

By 1939, the combined Jewish and Arab orange plantations in Palestine totaled 75,000 acres (300 km²), employed over 100,000 people, and the products were a major economic export. An expression of this bloom is the Beit Hadar ( German  citrus house ) built at the time, in 1935/1936, the representative headquarters of the Pardes Syndicates , leading industry association of citrus growers, which accounted for 80% of the cultivated area, today it is a Tel Aviv landmark of Bauhaus architecture . During the Second World War (1939–1945), export-oriented local agriculture sank into depression. A recovery followed after the war, with strong support from the British mandate administration .

In Israel

Jaffa oranges are loaded onto a Scandinavian freighter

Jaffa oranges are harvested in Israel between November and March; the marketing season begins in September and runs through April. More than half of the annual harvest is exported.

After the citrus industry was eliminated from the British system of preferential tariffs when Israel gained independence, this Israeli agricultural sector was in fierce competition with other citrus suppliers in the world market. It turned out that the previously lack of competition had favored the retention of outdated cultivation and processing methods, which initially caused citrus exports to fall and margins to fall. The Israeli citrus sector was gradually catching up again.

Israel is now one of the most important suppliers of citrus fruits in the European Union. A general decline in the share of agriculture in the Israeli economy, the limitations of available water resources, and dependence on migrant workers reduced the economic importance of orange production. Despite a growing share of the manufacturing industry, such as diamond processing and precision instrument making, Israel continues to export large numbers of citrus fruits to Europe. The film Jaffa - The Orange's Clockwork describes the systematic creation of a legend. It shows Arab and Jewish Palestinian intellectuals and employees of the citrus industry of the Mandate period in old photos, early film recordings, advertising films and posters, political posters, and paintings related to the fruit. Using the example of the Jaffa orange, they remember, reflect and analyze their own history and that of their country. The aroma of Jaffa oranges is used for the most famous Israeli spirit, Sabra liqueur .

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Issawi, 2006, p. 127.
  2. ↑ a b Basan, 2007, p. 83.
  3. ↑ a b Ladaniya, 2008, pp. 48-49.
  4. ↑ Sheldon Kirshner: Jaffa orange as a symbol of nationalism . In: The Canadian Jewish News . April 15, 2010.
  5. ^ The Hope Simpson Royal Commission Report 1930 ( Memento August 10, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Chapter VIII - Agricultural Produce
  6. ↑ a b Michael Jacobson ( מִיכָאֵל יַעֲקוֹבְּסוֹן), "סִבּוּב בְּבֵית הָדָר", Chap. 4 'תּוֹלְדֹת', January 1, 2019, in: חַלּוֹן אֲחוֹרִי: אַרְכִיטֶקְטוּרָה וְאִידֵאוֹלוֹגְיָה בְּדִּיסְנִיְלֶנְד מְקוֹמִי , accessed January 4, 2020.
  7. ^ Marshall Cavendish p. 938.
  8. ↑ Issawi, 2006, p. 32.
  9. ↑ trailerseite.de